Hand and Foot brake so do Parking brake until knocking accelerate of system hall unlimited in to finite to ROBO SPRING

The hand brake was almost always mechanical in nature, actuating either the traditional Drum brake mechanism via a lever (as opposed to a hydraulic wheel cylinder).  It's been called the "emergency" brake, the "parking" brake, or the handbrake.  Its fulfilled all sorts of non mainstream braking duties.

There have been some really hairbrained handbrake designs over the years, including some absurd (and mostly useless) miniature drum brake assemblies that were INSIDE the core of the disk rotor on a disk brake car.  Saab even had them inside the front (!) brake disks, where they were nearly completely useless and actually caused major problems as they decayed over time.

Nowadays, they tend to operate a parallel either mechanical, or electromechanical braking system, with a supplemental caliper (in disk brake cars) that works via electromechanical actuators (solenoids as an example) to clamp the rotor.  so do  Aston Martin had 2 complete caliper assemblies on the rear wheel as an example...  the core hydraulic caliper that did most braking duties, and the mechanical one opposite it.  Audi has moved (with Porsche) to electrically actuated brake calipers for the parking brake function (they even had a goofy corporate switch used in most Porsche/Audis) . 

SO DO  

It depends on the car, but in older cars the hand brake just activated the rear wheels while the pedal would brake all four wheels. Typically the hand brake is mechanical in nature using a cable while normal brakes use hydraulic systems - often boosted with engine vacuum. Thus the hand brake was termed an "emergency" brake as it would continue to function even if the main hydraulic system went out.

Towing companies tow cars with the parking brake on either by towing from the other end, opening the car and releasing the brake, hauling it up onto a flatbed using a winch or by putting a dolly under the wheels of the car being towed.  

SO DO 

The brake pedal operates all four wheel brakes hydraulically. Engine power used to boost this braking action- meaning you can brake harder with less muscle effort.

The hand brake is a separate mechanical system which usually operates on the rear wheels only. Some vehicles may have the hand brake act on the front wheels, or (in the case of my Land Rover) on a completely independent brake on the drive shaft. Its purpose is to hold the vehicle stationary while parked. Also for hill starts, you can hold the vehicle with the hand brake, and release it while you apply accelerator with your right foot. It's not designed to be used when moving.

In the USA, it's common to use the park position on an automatic transmission to keep a parked vehicle stationary,so the hand brake may go unused. It's somewhat misleadingly termed the 'emergency brake'. While it can be used to stop the vehicle if the hydraulic braking system has completely failed, great care is needed to prevent locking the rear wheels and losing control.  

Many people think you only need to use your parking brake when parking on a hill or if your car has a manual transmission.
This is incorrect; whether your car is a manual or automatic, the terrain is hilly or flat, you should use your parking brake every time you park.
A car is held in park by a device inside the transmission called a parking pawl.
The parking pawl can break or become dislodged and the car will roll away, although there is a low chance this will occur, but it could happen nonetheless.  




The parking brake will hold the car in place while it is parked and will help protect the transaxle, constant velocity joints, and transmission.
A parking brake is capable of a stronger hold than only putting the car in “park”, which of course you still need to do when you park your vehicle. Additionally, if your car was hit while parked, the parking brake would provide further stability, lessening the risk of your car rolling away. You should set the parking brake while your foot is still on the brake pedal and before shifting into park, this reduces the strain on the parking pawl.
Parking brakes can be hand-operated levers located in the center console, foot operated on the floor, sometimes on the dash and operated electronically in newer vehicles.  


  

o set the hand operated parking brake, pull up on the lever and you will hear a clicking sound, to release the parking brake, press the button on the end of the brake handle and lower the lever. In vehicles where the parking brake is operated by foot, the pedal is located on the far left side of the driver’s pedal area. To set the brake, push firmly on the pedal with your foot until you hear it clicking.
Depending on your vehicle, there are a number of ways to release the parking brake on the floor.  In some vehicles, the pedal is pushed again with your foot and is released; in other vehicles you must pull on a brake release lever located near the parking brake pedal; if in doubt check your owner’s manual.  

Don't forget to disengage the parking brake before driving again, (see dashboard icon). It is obviously not good for your car and could be embarrassing for you. Setting the parking brake when you park and disengaging the parking brake before you drive should become a good habit, so you should never forget to do either part. Remember the old adage "If you don't use it, you will lose it"  

Electronic Parking Brakes  

 

  

Take a new luxury car out on the test drive and you'll probably notice one important difference as you're parking: The expected pedal or handbrake lever has been replaced by a single button or switch.

So what's the point? Actually it makes sense on many counts.
These new electronic parking brake (EPB) systems, once you're used to them, are very convenient. There's no guessing whether it's properly engaged or not—that's all done by electronics, and all you need to do is switch it on or off. And yes, they operate independently of the primary braking system.
The idea was completely new when we first encountered an EPB in the 2002 BMW 7-Series, nearly ten years ago. That model marked the debut of the electronic parking brake in the U.S. market, with the 2003 Jaguar S-Type and 2003 Lincoln LS also among the first.
Now you're quite likely to see electric parking brakes when shopping; they're in everything from the 2011 Subaru Legacy to the 2011 Ford Mustang.
But deployment has been sluggish. According to TRW Automotive, just about ten percent of new cars in North America will have EPB systems by 2015.
They're catching on slower in the U.S. than in some other markets, such as Europe for one important reason: "In North America, adoption of this technology has lagged other regions primarily as a result of a higher percentage of automatic transmissions and drivers using their parking brake less often," said TRW Automotive in a recent release.
For those with a manual transmission, the electronic system automatically holds the vehicle in place and, in most cases, will release it when needed to allow a smooth start on a hill.
While it might sound more complex, electronic parking brakes save weight—up to 16 pounds versus a conventional drum-in-hat system. Fundamentally, it's also a simpler system, with fewer adjustments required and, says TRW, fewer warranty claims.
The only negative to this setup that we've seen is that manufacturers haven't been altogether consistent about how you engage and disengage the systems. Some are mounted on the center console, others on the dash—some in a place that requires craning your neck around the steering wheel to see it—and some you pull up or back to engage, others you push in.
Safety for emergency braking one other major advantage to EPB setups. Manual handbrake levers can lock up the rear wheels quite easily if you're attempting an emergency stop on anything but dry pavement. EPB mechanisms work with the anti-lock braking system, as the electronics are integrated—and it can even be configured to brake with all four wheels under emergency situations.
Another safety feature that's built into most EPB systems but isn't often touted is that they include an auto-apply feature: Say the driver steps out of the vehicle, thinking that the brake has already been applied, and the vehicle starts rolling. In that case, the parking brake automatically cinches up—and knows to because it's tied in with the door switch and seatbelt switches.
So if you have some hesitation in letting electronics do the work, keep in mind that someday they could save you.

   

       

     

       

    

Electronic Brake Monitoring

Verifying proper brake setup and operation on commercial drum and air disc brake equipped vehicles has historically been a significant problem in the industry.  While daily pre-trip brake inspections are a CDL (Commercial Driver’s License) requirement, they are seldom performed due to the time and difficulty required to conduct these inspections.  This has been historically true on drum brake equipped vehicles, and is even more of an issue on today’s air disc equipped vehicles.
Based on this need, MGM has designed and developed e•STROKE®, an electronic brake monitoring system for drum and air disc braked commercial vehicles.  This system utilizes patented sensing technology to monitor brake stroke and convey this information to an electronic control unit (ECU) for analysis.  This system can be utilized to assist in daily brake inspections, as well as provide continuous real-time brake monitoring on any air brake equipped vehicle.
These systems can detect the following braking issues or potential problems: improper automatic slack adjuster operation or maintenance, caliper internal adjuster mechanism failure (disc brakes), improper brake set-up or adjustment, air leaks or an improperly operating air system, defective air brake control valves, worn foundation components (i.e. worn bushings etc.), defective or worn spring parking brakes, and ice in the air system. brake  brake to ENTERING  ROBO SPRING 

  

working ROBO SPRING :

ROBO SPRING  in the science and technology of robo, vision, perception, control, automation, and machine learning. to be concern hail from a variety of engineering, scientific, and mathematical backgrounds, united by a passion for robo and a desire to advance robo technologies to benefit humanity. ROBO SPRING  variety of industries including robo , aerospace, automotive, industrial automation and defense;








TRANSFORMROBO SPRING 

ROBO SPRING

 

        

      

        

    

         

  

   

     

 

 




 

       

 
   

 

   
  



 





  



Robots today have been used successfully in many domains, from exploring Mars and finding evidence of water, to mapping the health of coral reefs, to assisting long-distance drivers, to assembling cars. In our course we will pursue a Grand Challenge approach to robotics and create new robot bodies and brains. We are motivated by tasks at the frontier of today's robotic capabilities. We will develop solutions for these tasks that are grounded in state-of-the-art algorithms and systems science for robots. We will implement these solutions and test them using a challenge format.
Our robots will employ sophisticated techniques for perception, navigation, and manipulation to cope with unknown environments, negotiating intricate paths, adapting their next move to obstacles, finding useful objects in the environment, and using them to build a structure. This work will provide our students with the foundations for creating computer systems that interact with the physical world, leading the way from PCs to PRs (personal robots).
The grand challenge for this course is to Gather Materials and Build a Shelter on Mars. Imagine a robot delivered to an uncertain location in a remote and unknown environment such as the surface of Mars, and given an uncertain prior map of the local terrain. Imagine further that construction materials, in the form of distinctively colored blocks in a few discrete sizes, have been similarly delivered and are scattered around the landscape. Some blocks have ended up where intended (i.e., in known locations), whereas others have ended up in unknown locations or may have been lost or destroyed.
Your goal is to design and implement a robot (both its body and its code) that can move about within its new domain, collect blocks, transport them (all at once, in small batches, or even one at a time) to some autonomously-determined construction location, and assemble them into a primitive shelter. The shelter may range from a simple low wall, to a multi-level (stacked) wall, to an "L" or "V" shape, to a room-like structure.

One or more of elements needed to solve the Challenge arise in many other robotic mobile manipulation applications, ranging from autonomous navigation with dynamic obstacles, coordinated manufacturing, searching for and rescuing victims at a disaster area, tidying up a room, clearing the dishes in a cafeteria, delivering packages in an office environment, and fetching items from a stockroom or mailroom. 

ROBO SPRING   MISSION   :

Learning Objectives:

1. Specify the requirements for an integrated hardware and software design and implementation of an autonomous system performing a specified task;
2. Critically evaluate choices of design and architectures;
3. Use kinematics, control theory, state estimation and planning to implement controllers, estimators and planners that satisfy the requirements of specified tasks;
4. Operate the system for an extended and specified time;
5. Communicate, orally and in writing, the results of the project design process and the key aspects of the overall project (from concept to end goal).
6. Collaborate more effectively, for example by having more choices of action, flexibility, and resilience with team process such as decision-making, negotiation and conflict resolution.

Measurable Outcomes

1. An integrated hardware-software system that performs the desired task;
2. A written design proposal that specifies and presents the integrated software and hardware design that satisfies design requirements;
3. Lab reports and briefings that demonstrate mastery of key design skills;
4. Development and delivery of an oral presentation suitable for a professional audience;
5. Development and delivery of a debate that evaluates design choices and demonstrates ability to use evidence to argue for conclusions;
6. Completion of a final report that analyzes the design and its success or failure, and reflects upon learning.

rope wrapped around and spinning motion capture missions steady string stability for spring AMNIMARJESLOW AL

 

String Theory For Dummies 

String theory, often called the “theory of everything,” is a relatively young science that includes such unusual concepts as superstrings, branes, and extra dimensions. Scientists are hopeful that string theory will unlock one of the biggest mysteries of the universe, namely how gravity and quantum physics fit together.

String Theory Features

String theory is a work in progress, so trying to pin down exactly what the science is, or what its fundamental elements are, can be kind of tricky. The key string theory features include:

• All objects in our universe are composed of vibrating filaments (strings) and membranes (branes) of energy.
• String theory attempts to reconcile general relativity (gravity) with quantum physics.
• A new connection (called supersymmetry) exists between two fundamentally different types of particles, bosons and fermions.
• Several extra (usually unobservable) dimensions to the universe must exist.

There are also other possible string theory features, depending on what theories prove to have merit in the future. Possibilities include:

• A landscape of string theory solutions, allowing for possible parallel universes.
• The holographic principle, which states how information in a space can relate to information on the surface of that space.
• The anthropic principle, which states that scientists can use the fact that humanity exists as an explanation for certain physical properties of our universe.
• Our universe could be “stuck” on a brane, allowing for new interpretations of string theory.
• Other principles or features, waiting to be discovered.
  
  

  Superpartners in String Theory

  String theory’s concept of supersymmetry is a fancy way of saying that each particle has a related particle called a superpartner. Keeping track of the names of these superpartners can be tricky, so here are the rules in a nutshell.
  
• The superpartner of a fermion begins with an “s,” so the superpartner of an “electron” is the “selectron” and the superpartner of the “quark” is the “squark.”
• The superpartner of a boson ends in “–ino,” so the superpartner of a “photon” is the “photino” and of the “graviton” is the “gravitino.”

Use the following table to see some examples of the superpartner names.

Some Superpartner Names

Standard Particle	Superpartner
Higgs boson	Higgsino
Neutrino	Sneutrino
Lepton	Slepton
Z boson	Zino
W boson	Wino
Gluon	Gluino
Muon	Smuon
Top quark	Stop squark									Keeping Track of String Theory’s Many Names String theory has gone through many name changes over the years. This list provides an at-a-glance look at some of the major names for different types of string theory. Some versions have more specific variations, which are shown as subentries. (These different variants are related in complex ways and sometimes overlap, so this breakdown into subentries is based on the order in which the theories developed.) Now if you hear these names, you’ll know they’re talking about string theory! Bosonic string theory Superstring theory (or Supersymmetric string theory) Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, Heterotic string theories (Type HE, Type HO) M-theory Matrix theory Brane world scenarios Randall-Sundrum models (or RS1 and RS2) F-theory Extra Dimensions Space is three As we indicated before, one of the key consequences of string theory is that there are more dimensions to our world than we imagined. We normally think of our world as four-dimensional. The count goes as follows. We can think of a point in space as being specified by its left-right position, its height, and its depth. Space is therefore three-dimensional. We need three numbers to specify a point in space. We can redo the count in another way. Consider the surface of the earth. When we specify the parallel and great circle of a position on the globe, we can pinpoint the position. The surface of the earth is two-dimensional. But if we had buried a treasure under its surface, we would need to know also how deep it is buried to locate it precisely. Space is again three-dimensional according to this count. A similar count is of course valid for the localization of stars. (Exercise: Count !) A special dimension Time is the fourth dimension. Indeed, to localize an event, we not only have to specify its precise position in space, but we also need to know when it happened. The extra number we need is the time at which the event happened. That fourth number indicates that space-time is actually four-dimensional. Recall that it was one of the big achievements of special relativity to treat the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time in the same mathematical framework. Of course, the time dimension still plays a special role, and its role in string theory is similar to its role in our everyday lives, or in the theory of special relativity. The extra dimensions we consider in the following are of the usual spatial sort. -- There are theories that try to make sense of two different times, but we do not consider them here, since they have little or nothing to do with string theory. (Note: crackpots tend to underestimate how seriously professionals have already investigated the ideas they come up with.) We concentrate on extra dimensions in space. More than 3+1 Many scientists had played around with extra dimensions before string theory came along. The idea is natural, since an extra dimension gives some room to play around in, and circumvent theorems that tell you that something is impossible in the 3+1 dimensions that we know off. But people had considered only one extra dimension, since they didn't need more than one. String theory actually tells us there is more than one extra direction. How many more ? Now, that's a tricky question. For years we have thought that string theory needs precisely six extra spatial dimensions -- we will assume this to be true for now, and will explain some more subtly points about how to count the extra dimensions later, when we introduce the concept of M-theory. 9+1 = 10 String theory tells us we live in ten dimensions. How does it tell us that, and, importantly, why don't we need to specify ten coordinates when we want to specify the location of a treasure ? The first question is the more difficult one. The mathematics of string theory is such that it leaves us with a dilemma. We either choose to have ten dimensions, or we can choose to accept that there are particles that have a negative probability to be in the universe. The last option (and its formulation in the last sentence) is entirely nonsensical. In other words, nobody has made sense of the notion of "negative probability" up until now, and it is doubtful whether anybody ever will. We now what it means to have a particle somewhere with a small or high likelihood, but not what it means to have it exist with a "negative" likelihood We choose therefore for the lesser evil, and interpret the conundrum as the fact that string theory simply predicts that there are ten dimensions. The problem actually turns out to be a blessing in disguise. We get one more spectacular prediction from string theory. Little balls everywhere Let's tackle the second question then: where are the six extra dimensions that string theory predicts ? There are different answers to this question, and for starters I discuss only the old one -- I'll come back to an exciting new possibility later. -- The first part of the first answer is that the six extra dimensions are very small, or compact. They do not extend very far, in contrast to the three spatial directions that we know of. The extra dimensions are curled up, and in such a way that they are extremely tiny. Since we haven't seen them yet in particle accelerators, we know that they are smaller than 0,000000000000001 meter. The second part of the first answer is that these extra dimensions are everywhere. Indeed, we can think of every point in our space (or kitchen) as not actually being a point, but as being a tiny six-dimensional ball. We do not need to specify the six extra coordinates of a knife in our kitchen, say, because the ball is so tiny that we can easily locate the knife without this extra information. If these dimensions were bigger, we would have seen them long time ago, of course. We would have moreover been able to think much easier in 3D, 4D, or even 9D. (Note that the trick of hiding the extra dimensions is very similar in spirit to hiding the stringy features of strings -- both make use of the fact that the resolution of our measuring devices is too small to make out the new features, as yet.) Consequences We first of all saw that there is no real problem to having six extra dimensions, as predicted by string theory. That is not to say that they do not have observable consequences. Indeed, once we probe small enough distances, we should be able to see many new interesting phenomena, depending on the shape and size of these extra dimensions. For one thing, we will be able to distinguish particles that run around in these extra dimensions from the ones that don't. Moreover, we will be able to see particles that are actually strings or membranes that are wrapped around some directions of the six-dimensional compact space. And many more interesting phenomena would appear and they might be observed in the next accelerator, depending on how small the six-dimensional compact space is precisely. Let's hope it is not so small that we will never be able to see it in our lifetime. Brane worlds We treated some aspects of a first answer to the question of where these extra dimensions are hiding. There are other, more modern answers to this question, of which we will treat one in more detail in the chapter on branes. But to introduce branes properly, and to understand how they provide an alternative answer to that question, we first need to introduce a few more properties of string theory. Illustrative footnote: An expert points out to me: "Dear J, I was wandering around the net, and encountered your web site on string theory. It looks very nice, a really thoughtful service. One comment: I would quibble with your characterization that string theory predicts 10 dimensions. It is not known to predict this--string theory can be formulated in any dimensionality; it is just that one does not have a classical solution with exactly flat space in any dimensionality. The leading effect of venturing away from the critical dimension is that one finds a tree level dilaton potential, which forces us to solve the dilaton and graviton equations of motion nontrivially rather than finding a constant-dilaton Min kow ski space solution. Other contributions to the dilaton potential from branes, fluxes, orientifolds, etc. allow us to find compensating forces on the dilaton that fix it. (Or one can consider the linear dilaton background in cases it makes sense, as in the 2d string.) Since we don't live in precisely flat space, the critical dimension is not a condition we know to impose even phenomenologically. It might transpire that YE POSTING FOR PIT  provides a reason to focus on the critical dimension (I also find this a very plausible possibility), but this is not known at the moment either experimentally or theoretically. Best regards, E" To translate: when I say string theory predicts 9+1 dimensions, my colleague believes I make quite a few hidden assumptions (that I may need to explain in lay terms). My colleague is right, of course, and she refers to established technical results to support her case. I include the comment as a footnote, not merely as a fair correction to the above, but also to illustrate that we discuss about how to present string theory results to the layman, and that when we argue, we can use a technical language not accessible to all. To truly do justice to her comment, the task set out for me is to explain the content of the comment (on which experts agree) in understandable terms. I may implement this later on ...

A half spring O max spring not semi ring

Variable Force

( DElta )

Suppose F acting on a mass m depends on x; e.g., F = kx We divide x into little increments, Dxi, where Fi is the average force over that interval:

  

Total work going from x1 to x2 = Wtotal = S FiDxi = area under curve!! (C word = integral of F from x1 to x2) and DKE = Wtotal.

For linear force, F= kx, Area under curve from 0 to xf = .

                       

A mass m is moving in a straight line at velocity vo. It comes into contact with a spring with force constant k. How far will the spring compress in bringing the mass to rest?

A spring exerts F proportional to x in both compression and extension (for reasonable x).

Change in KE = KEf - KEi = 0 - mvo^2. Work done by F on mass, W = - kxf^2. Therefore, kxf^2 = mvo^2 or .
IF we use object and compress spring this same distance (xf = xo) and let go, what is final KE and v? Work done by F on mass, W = +kxo^2.
Change in KE = KEf - KEi = mvf^2 + 0. Therefore, mvf^2 = kxo^2. Since xf = xo, we see that: || = ||. Since we take a , ± does not give direction. Have to go to PICTURE; conclude that . 

Running the Stairs to the Stars (Part rangers Bldg -- Basement to 14th floor); Consider POWER.
1. Who could generate the highest instantaneous power?
2. Who could generate the highest average power?
What are "significant" output levels?
Person in good physical shape -- 1/10 hp (75 W) at steady pace. O2 consumption -- 1 liter (1000 cm3)/minute.
Top athlete -- (long distance sports-runners, skiers, bikers) 0.6 hp (~400 W); O2 consumption -- 5.5 liter/minute. Gossamer: (1979) human powered airplane, piloted by world class biker, crossed English Channel -- averaged 190 W (0.3 hp).
FOR approx. 1 minute spurts - 450 - 500 watts.
For fraction of a second -- several kW.
A 70 kg student runs up 2 flights of stairs (Dh = 7.0 m) in 10 s. Compute the student’s output in doing work against gravity in
(a) watts, (b) hp.
(a) W = FDh/t = mgDh/t = (70 kg) (9.81 m/s2) (7 m)/10s = 480 W
(b) W (in hp) = W (in W)/746 = 480/746 hp = 0.64 hp

The express elevator in M Tower A (MISSI) averages a speed of 550 m/minute in its climb to the 103rd floor ( 408.4 m) above ground. Assume a total load of 1.0 x 103 kg, what is the average power that the lifting motor must provide?
vavg = 550 m/minute x 1 min./60 s = 9.144 m/s.
At constant v, Force to lift = F = mg;
Pavg = Fvavg = (1.0 x 103 kg)(9.144 m/s) = 89.57 kW = 90 kW.
(takes ~44 s to make trip).

You want to loose weight; You therefore want to:
a)Run the stairs once/day as hard as you can, then hit the chips!, or
b) Sustain an activity that burns ~ 1CALORIE/Minute almost every day for 30-60 minutes and don’t hit the chips!
1 CALORIE = 1 Kilocalorie (4.186 kJ). 1 Kcal/minute = 70 Watts (substantial effort). To loose weight have to exercise and diet!!!