Time Windows electronic machine

Flying cars helpful? They can travel shorter distances to make the same journey . Staying on the theme of lower emissions and greater efficiency. Flying cars can take a much more direct route from point A to point B. This means less fuel is required and the journey times are much quicker as a result when compared to a journey on land. Flying cars important ! In terms of efficiency, the researchers found that flying electric cars use significant energy to take off and land, but they're highly efficient when cruising. That means they're most efficient overall on longer trips. ... Such a service could replace car trips in areas with heavy congestion or circuitous routes. Flying cars will work ! Ducted fans enclosed within the wings and piercing the body of the vehicle itself will propel the aircraft vertically. After takeoff, rear-facing fans will thrust it forward so the wings can generate lift and the Aska can fly longer distances more efficiently than a more drone-like design can. Flying Cars will change the world ! Increasing numbers of flying cars will naturally give rise to a change in the layout and sizes of our cities. ... Because there will be fewer cars on the road, congestion will ease and roads in general should become safer. This will make owning and running a car cheaper. It may even insurance premiums go down.

Flying car definition : “A flying car is a hybrid vehicle that combines fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft capabilities.”

Another way to understand this, is to think of a flying car as being part helicopter, and part airplane.

This is essentially a “mechanical” definition, but there is more to the flying car story than just mechanics. Software development in the field of autonomous systems is a crucial component in making these vehicles not just an interesting research project, but also an appealing business solution for transportation needs. In short, combined wing capabilities make flying cars possible, and autonomy makes them viable.

To fully understand the revolution these vehicles represent, it’s important to recognize the advantages that come with effectively combining fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft capabilities. Let’s look at the pros and cons of a helicopter (rotary flight) and a plane (wing flight), so that we can understand why combining both capabilities is an optimal solution.

- Rey' speederbike, an example of hovercraft in the eight episode of Star Wars .

THE FLYING CARS : THREE CONCEPTS AND A CONCLUSION.

After a long and interesting description of some concepts about the flying car, this is the final article on that hybrid vehicle.

THE TRANSPORTATION WORLD

Talking about the flying cars deals with many motoring meanings. The NASA analyzes the definition of the flying cars. Of course, some movies offer representations about that hybrid vehicles. In the previous article, I wrote on points presenting some models from America and Europe which built the history of the flying cars. Through some examples, I tried to understand why people wanted to invent that kind of transport. So how to define the flying cars through three concepts :

1- A PERSONAL AIR VEHICLE (PAV).

A Flying Flivver replica considered as the "Ford T of the air" .

In 2003, a project called Aeoronautics Vehicles System program was developped by the NASA. What was the idea under that large project? Defining the main elements of the flying cars in our modern society, I'm sure SpaceX, Elon Musk' entreprise, was interested in the old concept. Previously, Henry Ford predicted the conception of flying car in 1940 saying some words :

"MARK MY WORD : A COMBINATION AIRPLANE AND MOTORCAR IS COMING. YOU MAY SMILE BUT IT WILL COME."

HENRY FORD

Ford's plane, the Flying Shivver, was far away to complete the standards chosen by the engineers of the NASA. It was a simple aircraft but the inventor of the amazing Tin Lizzie has some original ideas. What are the main elements to build a viable flying car? It would be a quiet and confortable vehicle which is driven/flown at speed of 150/200 mph (or 240/320 km/h). You wouldn't need to have a pilot license but just a driving license without forgetting the affordable prices of the flying cars. We can imagine a flying sportive utilitarian vehicles for your family or a supercar imagining a Renault Espace or a flying Porsche 911.

2- AN INTERMODAL PASSENGER TRANSPORT.

The eighth episode of Star Wars is released on 13th december 2017. George Lucas created an universe around a wealth and original history 40 years ago. The future of the transportation is well represented by the hovercrafts and space ships. Later, Back to the future showed the hovercrafts in details when Marty comes in the future in the second opus.

I mentioned the hovercrafts and not the roadable aircrafts. What is the hovercraft? We can define it as a personnal vehicle which flies at a constant altitude above the ground. In other words, it would be define like a flying car. What is the difference with a roadable aircraft? It is a flying car who can be driven on the roads and a plane with wheels which flies on the atmosphere. Once I asked to science what where his feelings when he was inside one of the flying car built by Taylor. He had answered me simply as you can see it below.

So what do science think about the hovercrafts?

Finally, the flying hovercraft doesn't need wheels to fly freely in the air. We can divide the hovercrafts is two categories. The maritime hovercrafts flew on the water and can be driven on the roads whereas the flying hovercrafts are imaginative hybrid vehicles in the retrofuturism, a social artwork about the future of the transportation.

3-AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING HYBRID VEHICLE.

More than a Convair 116, a flying car includes complex environmental and aeronautical regulations .

Defining a flying car means to know the environmental regulations and aeronautic rules around the concepts of the cars and the planes. We enter into a new electric motoring era after a long and interesting development of the diesel engines. The environmental regulations are becoming more important with some initiatives in the big cities. The T-charge (around £10) will be add to the Congestion charges in London. The old cars aged of 20 years will be banned in Paris too.

THE FLYING CARS WOULD BE ABLE TO RESPECT THESE ENVIRONMENTAL RULES ON THE ROADS.

The flying cars would be able to respect these environmental rules on the roads. After pointing out the terrestrial pollution, we have to think of the atmospheric pollution as the naval engineers have done in the shipping. The atmospheric busy corridors became a real problem in the transport. You have to fly on invisible roads in the air too. How to manage to introduce the flying cars in the air which the pollution is increased by the traffic jam?

Creating new rules for personal air vehicles would be a solution. There are some advantages and inconveniences. Increasing the numbers of safety rules is a concret goal but a long issue. The Federation Internationale automobile (FIA) tries to improve the motoring safety on the roads. The results of the new regulation to drive safely are a long process. Moreover, the aeronautical rules are so complex too. Finding a harmonious compromise stays the best solution.

Some drivetribers told it's important the engines of the flying cars have to be powerful keeping a certain stability for the passengers. Indeed, landing on the roads is not easy for planes. They need a certain distance without mentioning the noises of the engines in an urban environment. Finally, the flying cars would be a vertical takeoff and landing vehicle called briefly a VTOL.

System' okey !

What is a flying car? Is it a pointless car . Is it a real concept as we saw it with the Taylor aerocar or the new aeromobil 3.0? Is it an old concept imagined by a former engineer from Ford in 1917? Defining a large and theorithical concept is hard because you can develop different ideas about the flying cars. Would you want to have a roadable aircraft or a hovercrafts with wheel or not? Anyway, a flying car is a personal air vehicle, an intermodal passenger transport and an environmental and engineering hybrid vehicle .

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Controlling free flight of a robotic fly using an onboard vision sensor inspired by insect ocelli _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Scaling a flying robot down to the size of a fly or bee requires advances in manufacturing, sensing and control, and will provide insights into mechanisms used by their biological counterparts. Controlled flight at this scale has previously required external cameras to provide the feedback to regulate the continuous corrective manoeuvres necessary to keep the unstable robot from tumbling. One stabilization mechanism used by flying insects may be to sense the horizon or Sun using the ocelli, a set of three light sensors distinct from the compound eyes. Here, we present an ocelli-inspired visual sensor and use it to stabilize a fly-sized robot. We propose a feedback controller that applies torque in proportion to the angular velocity of the source of light estimated by the ocelli. We demonstrate theoretically and empirically that this is sufficient to stabilize the robot's upright orientation. This constitutes the first known use of onboard sensors at this scale. Dipteran flies use halteres to provide gyroscopic velocity feedback, but it is unknown how other insects such as honeybees stabilize flight without these sensory organs. Our results, using a vehicle of similar size and dynamics to the honeybee, suggest how the ocelli could serve this role. Introduction example theory to fly cars ROBOT as like as drone tech ___________________________________________________________________ Flying robots on the scale of and inspired by flies may provide insights into the mechanisms used by their biological counterparts. These animals' flight apparatuses have evolved for millions of years to find robust and high-performance solutions that exceed the capabilities of current robotic vehicles. Dipteran flies, for example, are superlatively agile, performing millisecond turns during pursuit or landing inverted on a ceiling . Moreover, these feats are performed using the resources of a relatively small nervous system, consisting of only 105–107 neurons processing information received from senses carried onboard. It is not well understood how they do this, from the unsteady aerodynamics of their wings interacting with the surrounding fluid to the sensorimotor transductions in their brain . An effort to reverse-engineer their flight apparatus using a robot with similar characteristics could provide insights that would be difficult to obtain using other methods such as fluid mechanics models or experimentally probing animal behaviour. The result will be robot systems that will eventually rival the extraordinary capabilities of insects. Creating a small flying autonomous vehicle the size of a fly such as that shown as like as honey bee .As vehicle size diminishes, many conventional approaches to lift, propulsion, sensing and control become impractical because of the physics of scaling. For example, propulsion based on rotating motors is inefficient, because heat dissipation per unit mass in the magnetic coils of a rotary electric motor increases , where is some characteristic length of the vehicle such as wingspan. Combined with increased friction losses owing to an increased surface-to-volume ratio, exacerbated by the need for significant gearing, this results in very low power densities in small electromagnetic motors. In addition, the lift-to-drag ratio for fixed aerofoils decreases at small scales because of the greater effect of viscous forces relative to lift-generating inertial forces at low Reynolds numbers. A robot the size of a fly uses a light sensor to stabilize flight, the first demonstration of onboard sensing in a flying robot at this scale. (inset) The visual sensor, a pyramidal structure mounted at the top of the vehicle, measures light using four phototransistors and is inspired by the ocelli of insects (scale bar, 5 mm). (main) Frames taken at 60 ms intervals from a video of a stabilized flight in which the only feedback came from the onboard vision sensor. The sensor estimates pitch and roll rates by measuring changes in light intensity arriving from a light source mounted 1 m above (not shown). This is used in a feedback loop actuating the pair of flapping wings to perform continuous corrective manoeuvres to stabilize the upright orientation of the vehicle, which would otherwise quickly tumble. A wire tether transmits control commands and receives sensor feedback, acting as a small disturbance that does not augment stability. From the perspective of autonomous flight control, an ocelli-inspired light sensor is nearly the simplest possible visual sensor, minimizing component mass and computational requirements. A number of previous studies have considered ocelli-inspired sensors on flying robots, insect-sized or larger. In it was shown that an adaptive classifier could be used to estimate the orientation of the horizon from omnidirectional camera images. In the absolute direction of the light source or horizon relative to the vehicle was estimated. But whereas aligning to the absolute direction of a light source or horizon may be a valid approach for larger aircraft that fly above obstacles so there is a relatively clear view to the horizon, smaller vehicles may fly near buildings, under foliage or indoors. In these conditions, the horizon may be obstructed. This causes the direction of light sources to vary significantly . A control law that aligned the vehicle with a light source would most likely yield a tilted vehicle under these conditions, leading to significant lateral acceleration and dynamic instability. In this work, we so alternative approach in which a feedback controller applies torque in proportion to angular velocity of the motion of the source of light. This has two benefits. First, it avoids the need for the light source to be directly above for the sensor to produce a useful result. Second, we show that an angular velocity estimate is all that is needed to stabilize the upright orientation of our flapping-wing robotic fly and many flying insects. The first was confirmed by previous work, inspired by observations of derivative-like responses in insect ocelli , that showed that ocelli simulated in a virtual environment can estimate angular velocity about the pitch and roll axes, regardless of initial orientation . The results also suggested that a linear ocelli response cannot estimate other vehicle motion parameters such as absolute attitude. A motor controller was described that computed a time integral of the ocelli angular velocity estimate. Although this did not require the light to arrive from a known direction, an estimate computed in this manner would slowly drift because of accumulated sensor noise. Here, we build on that work to suggest an alternative approach in which the angular velocity estimate is instead used directly in a feedback controller. By applying torque in proportion to angular velocity only, it is possible to harness this vehicle's flapping-wing dynamics to achieve a stable upright attitude that does not drift and that does not require absolute estimate of attitude. Sensor and robot fly ____________________ The design of the ocelli sensor : Each sensor is inclined roughly 30° above the horizon and captures defocused light from an angular field spanning approximately 180° that is nearly circularly symmetric. The ocelli design consists of four phototransistors soldered to a custom-built circuit board that is folded into a pyramid shape. Each of the four light detectors consists of a phototransistor (KDT00030 from Fairchild semiconductor) in a common-emitter configuration in series with a 27 kΩ surface-mount resistor. The phototransistor has an infrared cut-off filter, reducing its sensitivity to the bright infrared lights emitted by the motion capture system used to measure flight trajectories. The voltage reading is taken from the collector of each transistor and rises with increasing luminance. Robotic fly mechanical characteristics ______________________________________ The flying vehicle used in this work is actuated by a pair of independently moving wings. By altering signals to the piezoactuators driving the wings, they can produce sufficient lift to take-off, as well as produce ‘pitch’ and ‘roll’ torques independently . We define a right-handed coordinate system for the body in which, with the wings extending laterally along the y-axis and the body axis hanging downwards in the negative z-direction, the x-axis (roll) points forward, the y-axis (pitch) points to the left and the z-axis (yaw) points upwards. Roll torque is induced by varying the relative stroke amplitudes of the left versus right wing. Pitch torque is induced by moving the ‘mean stroke angle’—the time-averaged angle of the forward–backward motion of the wings—in front (+x) or behind (−x) the CM . Yaw torque can also, in principle, be modulated , but we do not use this capability in this study. Attitude stabilization using velocity feedback __________________________________________________ We show that knowledge of absolute vehicle attitude is not required to attain stability. Instead, only angular velocity feedback or ‘rate damping’ is needed. More formally, the torque controller : T = - k d w where ω is the angular velocity, is sufficient to stabilize the fly in the upright orientation. This result holds under the following assumptions: (1) Vehicle motions depend only on stroke-averaged forces, that is, forces and torques averaged over the time period of each wing stroke. (2) Aerodynamic drag on the wings is proportional to airspeed in both the forward (x) and lateral (y) directions, with an equal proportionality constant for both directions. (3) The vehicle is symmetric about its x–z plane. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dynamics Modeling and Control of a Quadrotor with Swing Load ______________________________________________________________

The example simple quadcopter electronic circuit :

aerial robots have many applications in civilian and military fields to be good inteliggent transport . For example, of these applications is aerial monitoring, picking loads and moving them by different grippers. In R&D, a quadrotor with a cable-suspended load with eight degrees of freedom is considered. The purpose is to control the position and attitude of the quadrotor on a desired trajectory in order to move the considered load with constant length of cable. the purpose of this research is proposing and designing an antiswing control algorithm for the suspended load. To this end, control and stabilization of the quadrotor are necessary for designing the antiswing controller. Furthermore, this paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, dynamics model is developed using Newton-Euler formulation, and obtained equations are verified in comparison with Lagrange approach. Consequently, a nonlinear control strategy based on dynamic model is used in order to control the position and attitude of the quadrotor. The performance of this proposed controller is evaluated by nonlinear simulations and, finally, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy for the quadrotor with suspended load in various maneuvers. Quadrotor is a rotorcraft whose flight is based on rotation of two pairs of rotors that rotate opposite to each other. the different movement of quadrotor is created by a difference in the velocity of rotors. If the velocity of rotor 1 (or 2) decreases and the velocity of rotor 3 (or 4) increases, then the roll (or pitch) motion is created and the quadrotor moves along the -axis (or the -axis). Moreover, a quadrotor is an aerial robot which has the potential to hover and take off, fly, and land in small areas. In addition, this robot has applications in different fields, among which are safety, natural risk management, environmental protection, infrastructures management, agriculture, and film protection. Moreover, a quadrotor is an underactuated system since it has six degrees of freedom and only four inputs. However, a quadrotor is inherently unstable and it can be difficult to fly. Thus, the control of this nonlinear system is a problem for both practical and theoretical interest. Many control algorithms are tested and implemented on this aerial robot in order to stabilize and move in different tasks. Among these algorithms are classic control, linear and nonlinear state feedback control, sliding mode control, back stepping control, and fuzzy and neural network control. In 2010, Vazquez and Valenzuela designed a nonlinear control system for the position and attitude control based on the classic control PID; indeed, the quadrotor altitude is controlled by a PI-action controller, .implemented a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller for the position control of the quadrotor . In 2004, Hoffmann proposed a sliding mode method for the altitude control and an optimal control method for the attitude control. But many difficulties occurred because of motor vibrations in the high thrust and the chattering phenomena. Also, for realizing the robust control of the quadrotor, a back stepping control algorithm is proposed in [4]. This algorithm could estimate disturbances online and, so, they could improve the robustness of system. Erginer and Altug in 2012 performed dynamics modeling and control of a quadrotor. They obtained the dynamic model of the quadrotor by Newton-Euler method and controlled the quadrotor using a hybrid fuzzy-PD control algorithm. In 2008, Raffo et al. implemented a nonlinear algorithm to control and stabilize the angular motion of the quadrotor. The simulation results show that this nonlinear algorithm can eliminate disturbances and stabilize the rotation motion of the quadrotor So, different control methods have been proposed to control these robots since the suspended load significantly alters the flight characteristics of the quadrotor. These methods are divided into feedback and feed-forward approaches. Feedback control methods use measurements and estimations of system states to reduce the vibration, while feed-forward approaches change actuator commands for reducing the oscillation of system. The feed-forward controller can often improve the performance of feedback controller. Thus, proposing feed-forward algorithms can lead to more practical and accurate control of these systems. One effective feed-forward method is the input shaping theory which has proven to be a practical and effective approach of reducing vibrations . Also, several methods are proposed in order to minimize the residual vibration. Smith proposed the Posicast control of the damped oscillatory systems which is a technique to generate a nonoscillatory response from a damped system to a step input. This method breaks a step of a certain magnitude into two smaller steps, one of which is delayed in time . Swigert proposed shaped torques techniques which consider the sensitivity of terminal states to variation in the model parameters. Recently, in the control of overhead cranes, This moment solved a minimum time control problem for swing free velocity profiles, which resulted in an open loop control . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dynamics Modeling _________________ The quadrotor slung load system . It is considered to be a system consisting of two rigid bodies connected by massless straight-line links which support only forces along the link. The system is characterized by mass and inertia parameters of rigid bodies and suspension’s attachment point locations. In this section, dynamics equations of the quadrotor slung load system are presented by Newton-Euler method. The following assumptions are made for modeling the quadrotor with a swinging load. (i)Elastic deformation and shock of the quadrotor are ignored. (ii)Inertia matrix is time-invariant. (iii)Mass distribution of the quadrotor is symmetrical in the - plane. (iv)Drag factor and thrust factor of the quadrotor are constant. (v)Air density around of the quadrotor is constant. (vi)Thrust force and drag moment of each propellers are proportional to the square of the propeller speed. (vii)Both bodies are assumed to be rigid. This assumption excludes an elastic quadrotor and rotor modes such as flapping and nonrigid loads. (viii)The cable mass and aerodynamic effects on the load are neglected. (ix)The cable is considered to be inelastic. These assumptions are considered to be sufficient for the realistic representation of the quadrotor with a swinging load system which is used for a nonaggressive trajectory tracking. look like concept to cars fly : 1. Aerodynamics of Rotor and Propeller 2. Dynamics Equations of Motion : a. Kinematics Equation of Quadrotor b. Newton-Euler Equation of Quadrotor c. Lagrange Equation of Quadrotor d. Model Verification 3. Controller Design : a. Position and Attitude Control of Quadrotor b. Simulation Results of Designed Position and Attitude Controller c. Antiswing Control of Quadrotor d. Simulation Results of Designed Antiswing 4. final concept : the problem of the quadrotor flying is addressed with a suspended load which is widely used for different kinds of cargo transportation. The suspended load is also known as either the slung load or the sling load. Also, flying with a suspended load can be a very challenging and sometimes hazardous task because the suspended load significantly alters the flight characteristics of the quadrotor. So, many different control algorithms have been proposed to control these systems. To this end, dynamic model of this system was obtained and verified by comparing two Newton-Euler and Lagrange methods. Next, a control algorithm was presented for the position and attitude of the quadrotor. In this algorithm, swinging object’s oscillation may cause danger in the work space and it can make instability in the quadrotor flight. Using comprehensive simulation routine, it was shown that this designed controller could control the robot motion on the desired path but could not reduce the load oscillation in noncontinuous and nondifferentiable paths. To deal with this issue, a feed-forwarded control algorithm was introduced for reducing or canceling swinging load’s oscillation. This controller was designed by implementing the input shaping theory which convolves the reference command with a sequence of impulses. Finally, it was shown that the feed-forward controller could actively improve the performance of the feedback controller. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Flying cars could cut emissions, replace planes, and free up roads __________________________________________________________________ we need necessary technology and practical uncertainties beyond the cars’ promising physics mean that they may not arrive in time to be a large-scale solution to the energy crisis and congestion – if at all. How to make a car fly It might at first seem crazy that a flying car could be more efficient than a road car, especially when conventional planes have such a reputation as gas guzzlers. But flying isn’t inherently inefficient – after all, birds can fly between continents without eating. There are many ways to make a car fly, but most are too problematic to get off the ground. Perhaps the most promising option is that taken in this study, based on the physics of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft . VTOL, something like a Harrier Jump Jet probably springs to mind, with two huge engines directing thrust that can be tilted vertically or horizontally. But these much smaller and lighter flying cars operate differently, with lots of tiny electric fans blowing air from many places. This fast-developing distributed electric propulsion (DEP) technology is key for efficiency when cruising, and it also creates possibilities for quieter take-off and hovering, as multiple small noise sources can be better managed. Wing and propeller design can also be optimised to be long, thin, and have lots of moving surfaces, just as birds do to make their flying efficient. The aim of all of these technical enhancements is to achieve maximum lift for minimum drag – the force that opposes an object’s motion through air and slows it down. A better lift-to-drag ratio means lower power consumption, and therefore lower emissions. These energy-saving innovations make cruising a breeze – but they don’t help much with take-off, hovering, or landing, which are still inherently inefficient. So while VTOL flying vehicles are still viable for short intra-city travel and pizza deliveries, they will not solve the energy crisis.As journey distance increases, so too do the efficiency gains over stop-start road cars, which have to deal with rolling resistance and less efficient airflow. Problems in practice In focusing entirely on the physics of flying cars, the paper steers clear of a number of practicalities that must be considered before we embrace VTOL flying cars as a sustainable form of transport for the future. For example, it is important to consider the carbon costs of production, maintenance and down time, known as Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA). Electric vehicles have been criticised for both the energy and environmental costs of mining primary materials for batteries, such as lithium and cobalt. Added infrastructure required for flight may worsen the problem for flying cars. And of course, a grid powered by low-carbon sources is essential to make battery-powered vehicles part of the solution to our climate crisis. Aircraft also have highly stringent criteria for maintenance and downtime, which can often offset gains in performance and emissions. As an entirely new breed of planes, it’s impossible to predict how much it might cost to keep them air-worthy. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Applications of robotics and artificial intelligence to reduce risk and improve effectiveness _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.Companion robots 2.Robots in medicine 3.Robots Drone Tech 4.Retail robots 5.SoftBank Robotics 6.Military robots 7.Delivery robots 8.Food robots

Rotary Wing Aircraft

The primary advantage of a rotary wing is its capacity for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL). Why is this an advantage? Because it removes the need for a runway. As WIRED recently noted, “VTOL technology means aircraft can theoretically take off and land almost anywhere, making them far more flexible.”

In addition to VTOL capabilities, another benefit is ease of control. A helicopter can hover in place pretty accurately, which makes it safe to navigate an urban environment where you might need to stop at several waypoints, and where speed needs to be constantly modulated to respond to external conditions.

rotary wing vehicle features illustration diagram

So what’re the disadvantages of rotary wing aircraft?

Inefficiency: Hovering in place requires a lot of power to keep the rotors turning to generate the required lift. As a consequence, the allowed payload is drastically reduced, and is the flight time.
Lack of Speed: Rotary wing vehicles are considerably slower than airplanes.
Noise: Rotating blades are very noisy.
Control challenges: Helicopters have a major flaw—if they should lose power, you need a highly-trained helicopter pilot who can execute autorotation to land the vehicle.

Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Let’s now consider fixed-wing aircraft (aka a “typical” airplane). The advantages of fixed-wing aircraft are numerous:

Fixed wing airplane features illustration diagram

Speed: An airplane goes much faster than a helicopter.
Efficiency: Instead of using a motor to spin the blades, a fixed-wing aircraft uses its motion through the air to keep air flowing through the wings and generate lift.
Payload and distance: Thanks to its speed and efficiency, this vehicle can carry much heavier payloads and travel longer distances than a rotary wing.
Control: If motors fail, the vehicle will not fall from the sky; a pilot still has control and can take it to the ground safely.

As to the main disadvantages of fixed-wing aircraft, there are two:

They require long runways for takeoff and landing.
Hover is not possible, making air traffic operations trickier in the presence of many vehicles.

It should be noted that the features that a flying car utilizes from a fixed-wing aircraft and a rotary wing aircraft are not necessarily a perfect reconciliation; noise and weight disadvantages of a rotary wing vehicle remain. But it’s pretty close to ideal, and it’s why flying cars represent such a compelling mechanical breakthrough.

If you want to know more about the technical aspects of path planning, controls, flight estimation, and autonomous flight is the place for you to learn the technical skills, alongside the tools you need to create real-world applications.

The VTOL Multirotor

There are two visions of the flying car. The most common is VTOL — vertical takeoff and landing — something that may have no wheels at all because it’s more a helicopter than a car or airplane. The recent revolution in automation and stability for multirotor helicopters — better known as drones — is making people wonder when we’ll get one able to carry a person. Multirotors almost exclusively use electric motors because you must adjust speed very quickly to get stability and control. You also want the redundancy of multiple motors and power systems, so you can lose a rotor or a battery and still fly.

This creates a problem because electric batteries are heavy. It takes a lot of power to fly this way. Carrying more batteries means more weight — and thus more power needed to carry the batteries. There are diminishing returns, and you can’t get much speed, power or range before the batteries are dead. OK in a 3 kilo drone, not OK in a 150 kilo one.

Lots of people are experimenting with combining multirotor for takeoff and landing, and traditional “fixed wing” (standard airplane) designs to travel any distance. This is a great deal more efficient, but even so, still a challenge to do with batteries for long distance flight. Other ideas including using liquid fuels some way. Those include just using a regular liquid fuel motor to run a generator (not very efficient) or combining direct drive of a master propeller with fine-control electric drive of smaller propellers for the dynamic control needed.

Another interesting option is the autogyro, which looks like a helicopter but needs a small runway for takeoff.

The traditional aircraft

Some “flying car” efforts have made airplanes whose wings fold up so they can drive on the road. These have never “taken off” — they usually end up a compromise that is not a very good car or a very good plane. They need airports but you can keep driving from the airport. They are not autonomous.

Robocars offer an interesting alternative. You can build a system where a robocar takes you from home to the best local short airstrip, taking you right out to an autonomous aircraft that is sitting waiting. You transfer, and it immediately takes off and flies you to another short airstrip, where another robocar awaits you. This allows you to travel in a car that’s a car and a plane that’s a plane, with no compromise.

The big challenges

Automating the intense level of safety and equipment reliability

In general, planes today are not fast modes of travel for their pilots. A typical small aircraft owner going out to fly has to drive to an airport that’s not very convenient, park and get their plane. (If they planned ahead, the hangar crew has taken their plane out and done the basics on it.) Even with the prep, there is a fairly long pre-flight check to do, assuring everything is just so, checking fuel levels with your eyes as well as instruments and more. Then you go through a dance with the control tower, taxi around (possibly in line behind others) and eventually get to take off and start climbing. Only then are you on your way. At the other end, you do it all in reverse, tie down and hangar your plane, and find your way to a rental car or ground transportation. For trips of under 100 miles, it’s not usually worth it.

Autonomous flying cars require more than just well built and superbly safe flying systems. (Flying itself is actually a pretty easy robotics problem.) It’s all the other stuff that will be the challenge. Because failures of equipment while up in the air can be so dangerous, vehicles must be maintained and checked to a level that is orders of magnitude greater than what we do with cars. If your car engine conks out, you pull off to the side of the road. If your brakes go out, it’s bad, but you apply the emergency brake and call a tow truck.

We’ll demand fail-safe operation for all parts of the flying car. It will have to be able to lose any major component and get you down safely.

Noise

Problem number one for VTOL is noise. Helicopters are not anywhere near silent. You might crave one for yourself, but no way you’ll accept your neighbours constantly flying helicopters in and out of their backyard, next to yours, at all hours. Not compared to the silence of the electric car.

Even if we have VTOL cars, we might still limit their operations (especially at night) to special landing yards. Your robotaxi could get you to the landing yard so it’s not as much of a burden, but using your own yard (unless you have a large estate, or live in a high-rise building with a heliport on top) is going to be difficult.

Energy

Right now, multirotor aircraft use a lot of energy to fly. Ground cars can be much more efficient. Society as a whole is seeking to greatly improve the efficiency of our transportation, not make it worse. Unless we make the flying car super efficient, it will be relegated only to speciality use, where the ground car just won’t work.

Fixed wing aircraft can be more efficient. Jets are very wasteful but lower speed aircraft can be efficient after takeoff.

Crowded skies

If personal flight becomes very popular, we would face the prospect of a sky seriously crowded with the vehicles in urban spaces. Computer systems could probably handle management of the traffic, since in 3 dimensions you get extra room, though you want much longer headways than cars use. In addition to being a visible blight and a noise source, there will be some safety concerns. Even a tiny number of these vehicles falling out of the sky and hitting things (or people) on the ground will cause more concern than cars do, even though they depart the road and hit people. This would be added to the large traffic in cargo drones.

The traffic management is non-trivial, but I believe it can be solved. There are still issues even after it’s solved.

Tourism

One of the places we might see radical change quickly is in tourism. If it’s cheap and easy, tourists will want to see everything from a flying car, especially one that can hover. Every amazing view, every scene, every architectural wonder, every city, will probably be best viewed from the air, or certainly desirable to view from the air as well as the ground. Every hiking trail you’ve not taken to some interesting sight will become a potential place people would like to go in their flying car.

Outside the cities, the problems of the flying cars are less present. The flights will be short and slow. You can travel to special locations for takeoff and landing, and make noise there. The territory will be rural or parkland in many cases, with more modest crowds and nobody to fall on in the event of rare safety failures.

Public transport

Since we can’t make a multirotor for a single person, talking about group vehicles is even more premature, but we already have lots of public transit aviation today. Right now it’s done at airports, and never used for short distances because you spend far more time going through the airport than in the air. A Robocar Airport it’s possible to make a much more efficient airport even for traditional planes. It would be great to go further and imagine the “flying bus” — an automated vehicle for a small group which is less like an airplane and more like one of the vans . There, travel is coordinated and 10-20 single person robocars would converge within a minute of one another next to the autonomous flying bus. They would quickly get in — no security for something this small and fast — and within one minute be taking off down the runway.

Such a service might be better than things like high-speed rail for travel in big cities. Because it can go from any airport to any airport — or with VTOL from any landing yard to any landing yard — such vehicles would offer superior travel times, free from congestion. If a flying bus service took you from Silicon Valley to San Francisco’s ferry terminal in 15 minutes at a decent price, it would be quite popular and displace car traffic.

Specialty uses

If we don’t let everybody fly all the time, who will be the special cases we let fly? Will it simply be the rich who pay a high fee for the opportunity? (The fee can’t be so high as to match the cost of a helicopter today.)

The flying ambulance is an obvious win — though we’re not at the level of building electric multirotors that could fly something that heavy. The lack of emergency vehicles on the regular roads will also improve traffic for others.
Some delivery will go by drone, though perhaps only the light and urgent packages.
There could be a lottery or other allocation, letting people fly some days, but not most.
Government officials will certainly want to claim they have the importance to justify this. In some cases (like VIPs so big they close roads for their motorcades) this is a win for all.
The police will clearly do this, as will some portion of fire crews (those not carrying heavy gear.) Anybody who uses helicopters today.
People who live or work in remote country locations who can make what noise they want at their home, and mostly fly over uninhabited country.
People populating mountainsides in crowded cities, though possibly only to transfer to a robotaxi in the flatlands.
People living on islands in seaside cities, though possibly only to transfer to a robotaxi on shore.
Flying carpooling (above and beyond the transit described below.) This requires multi-person flying cars.

robocars :

Example Kitty Hawk — a prototype flying car.

This is yet another piece of evidence that making a personal flying drone is certainly doable and going to happen. we even think the air traffic control problems can be solved .

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