The probability of an event is a number that indicates the likelihood of an event. Its
value is between 0 and 1. The event that has a value of 1 is the
probability of events that must happen, and it certainly would not be
surprising at all. For example, the sun still rises in the east until now. While an event that has a value of 0 is the probability of occurrence is impossible or unlikely to occur. For example a goat gave birth to a cow.Information theory.
Information
theory (English: information theory) is the discipline in the field of
applied mathematics that deals with quantization data so that the data
or information that can be stored and shipped without errors (error)
through a communication channel. Entropy
information (information entropy) is often used as a tool for this
purpose, and is usually expressed as the average number of bits needed
for storage and delivery of such information. For example, if the daily weather conditions expressed by 3
bits of entropy, then we say that the weather was having an average of 3
bit each day.
Application
of the basic topics in the theory of information include data
compression without disabilities (lossless Data compression, the ZIP
file, for example), data compression (lossy of data compression, MP3
file, for example), and channel coding (channel coding, on DSL, ADSL,
etc. ). Usually
the theory of information is the pivot of -bidang fields of
mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and
electrical engineering and computer. Implementation of this theory has a direct impact with space missions,
the understanding of black holes in galaxies, with research linguistics
and human perception, with a network of computers, the Internet and
mobile phone networks.In
particular, information theory is a branch of mathematical odds and
statistics, relating to the concept of information and information
entropy as described above. Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) is known as "the father of information theory". Shannon entropy defines the measurement of information as:H = log pi pi Zigma
This formula when applied to a source of information, can determine
the capacity of the channel is required to send data to translate into
binary digits.Da also a computer science and mathematics related in the following areas:Computer science is rooted in electronics, mathematics and linguistics. In
the last three decades of the 20th century, computer science has become
a new discipline and have developed methods and its own terms. The
first computer science department was founded at Purdue University in
1962. Almost all universities now have computer science department. The highest award in computer science is the Turing Award, the winner of this award are all pioneers in their field.
X . II
application of mathematical concepts in interior design using computer
The interior design is very closely related to the mathematical geometry. Because
the mathematical principles that are often used in the process of
designing the interior, such as the calculation of length, area field
and volume on the two-dimensional and three-dimensional as the basis for
the calculation of the volume of work on the budget plan, as well as
the capability of projecting the field of two-dimensional to
three-dimensional, or otherwise must be understood correctly. One
of the supporters of success in the field of interior is good planning,
and planning it can not be run without geometry mathematics. Mathematics
is not only involved in the calculation of costs for the manufacture of
ornaments, but also has to do with the size of the object that is used
as an ornamental. Mathematical
formula was used to calculate the area, volume or size of the object
that is to do with the cost of making these objects. There are so many examples of buildings that use mathematical geometry in planning and preparation. Mathematical principles into the building making tool, such as the Pythagorean proposition and ratios. And the application of mathematics in the interior design has been done long ago.
Mathematics is one of the disciplines that study regarding the size, structure, space and change. Mathematics in the concept has many aspects to be studied. Many of us are asking, what benefits we learn math? Though all aspects of mathematics can be applied to real life. The application of this mathematical concept is very useful in life. In the development of science and technology, the mathematical concept has always walked alongside these developments.Geometry
is one aspect of mathematics in addition to aspects of numbers,
algebra, statistics and odds, logic, trigonometry, and calculus. Geometry as aspects of mathematics can not simply be viewed as a part of mathematics. This
is because there is a correlation between aspects with each other in
mathematics to jointly contribute to the advancement of science and
technology. Geometry
joint mathematical aims to: 1) train the way of thinking and reasoning
in drawing conclusions, for example, through investigation, exploration,
experimentation, showing similarities, differences, consistent and
inconsistent, 2) developing a creative activity that involves
imagination, intuition, and the discovery by developing divergent
thinking, original, curiosity, make predictions and expectations, as
well as experimentation, 3) develop problem-solving abilities, and 4)
develop the ability to convey information or communicate ideas through
speech oral, notes, charts, maps, in explaining the idea.
Mathematics has always accompanied the development of science and technology. In a simple life, in fact we often use math either for buying or selling, just to count how many groceries that we've bought or calculate our travel time from home to a destination. But more specifically, it will discuss the benefits of mathematics in the spatial field. How math plays a role in the field of interior design.
mathematics as a science not only learn a concept, but the concept can be applied in real life. Even the application of mathematics in fact very close to our daily life. Especially the benefits in its application in the field of interior design. As well as for readers to see the location of the role of a mathematical concept itself in association with interior design using computer tools and electronics.
In
an effort to understand the geometry of the abstract things in order to
obtain the settlement is done through contextual learning and modeling
more concrete. At
the origin of the birth of geometry, originated from an attempt to find
solutions to the concrete problems of human life on this earth. Starting from a desire to make the building a magnificent and
beautiful, simplify measurement, calculation mengakuratkan, and resolve
issues more spatial.The nature of abstract geometry relates to wake up in math, originated from the real issues facing human life. So that the relationship between reality and the development of human understanding is closely linked to phenomenology. According
to Edmund Hussrel in Dwin Gideon (2004: 217), all the features of
objects that enter into the consciousness as a phenomenon. The phenomenon is intentional, which means always related to the structure of consciousness. Awareness is always directed to show themselves, resulting in a correlation between awareness of the phenomenon.Mathematics in the concept has many aspects to be studied. And all aspects of mathematics can be applied in real life.
math test is usually performed to determine the ability to think quickly and be able to resolve the problem. In the field of informatics or computer engineering concepts base number is also used. And other simple example is when the sale and purchase, of course, the calculation of nominal money also use mathematical concepts. According to Andrea J. O'Connor that "Mathematic is used by engineers to solve a very wide range of problems, Including design calculations for building, machines, electronic components or chemical plants". So it is clear, the math is very applicable. All aspects of mathematics, from algebra, logic, numbers or other individual has benefits for our lives. Similarly, mathematical geometry, which is very useful for life, especially in the field of spatial. Building architecture, interior design, graphic design or is in need of a good mathematical geometry capabilities.
Mathematics is very helpful in the spatial field. Because in the field of spatial notably interior design, it is necessary a good understanding of mathematical principles that are often used in the process of designing the interior.
In the spacious interior design takes into account the activities the object or volume of the object is not foreign. In calculating the area and volume, the formula in matematikalah used as a solution.
For instance if the board will calculate the area of a square-shaped ornament, it will use the formula s2 (side x side).
If the known length of the side = 10 cm, the width of the square-shaped pedestal is
s2 = (side x side)
= 10 cm × 10 cm
= 100 cm2
sisi = side = S
Other mathematical principle that is often used is the argument of Pythagoras, which is derived from the Greek, and is being developed at that time. This theory provides a very strong influence on the development of methods in engineering until now.
Teorema phytagoras
Although in designing a color space very influential, but in fact the shape of the object as ornamenpun very influential. Establishment of ornaments that are less precise will affect the
efficiency of the layout ornament in the room, as well as the effect on
the aesthetic value of the ornaments possessed.Objects
that fills the room, for example, a sofa in the family room, in view in
terms of interior design, should be consistent between the color of the
sofa with the color of the walls and other filler objects in the room. Appropriate layout into one special consideration anyway. However,
in view in terms of mathematical geometry, the size of the sofa is also
very influential for proportionality between the size of the sofa with
the size of the room. Not only in terms of size, but in terms of symmetry sofapun can affect the aesthetic value of the sofa.In conjunction, the math does not only involve geometric concepts in interior design. However, matematikapun involve mathematical calculations to plan the budget costs to be incurred for the interior design. Area
calculation and volume in the wake of the space used as ornamenpun
affect the budget that must be issued to realize the design of the
interior space. Therefore, mathematics is closely related to the field of interior design. And mathematics can not be separated from the design field interor in space and time on this earth.
Mathematics is the science that not only learn about the concept, but also very applicable. Application of a mathematical concept is very broad. We can find a mathematical relationship with many other fields. Because, basically, mathematical always been associated with the development of science and technology there. And one of the applications of mathematical concepts can be found in the field of interior design. In interior design, geometry mathematics is to be paramount to understand. Because of the geometry math is very influential in designing the alignment of the interior space.
X . III
USE IN ASSESSING MATH FORMS OF INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS OF PARTIES NEED
MATH
Mathematics known as the basic science of various other fields. Math learning trains us to think critically, logically, analytically, and systematically. The role of mathematics is not just limited to it. The
development of other disciplines, such as physics, biology, economics
or social sciences, is inseparable from the role of mathematics. Mathematics is also very deserve to be called as a bridge science and technology. For example, advances in space technology very rapidly in today because of advances in the physical sciences.Many science that developed on the basis of the application of mathematical concepts. One was the development of computer science that is growing rapidly in today's information age. Computer
networks, computer graphics, application of various softwere taken from
the application of the concepts and ideas from the experts who have
been summarized in the mathematical sciences. Group theory, algebraic structures, statistics and odds, calculus all
of it is very applicable in the world of science and technology.In the development of information technology, mathematics provides its own influence. Various applications and programs on a computer can not be separated
from the application of mathematical applications, including the
operation of Boolean algebra, graph theory, discrete mathematics,
symbolic logic, odds and statistics.Another example is in the development of memory. A memory storing various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will be solved without form binary (encoded) with a
number of instructions that turn it into a sequence of numbers or
figures.Geographical
Information Systems (GIS), which is a testament to the applications of
mathematics are so many applying mathematical and statistical concepts
therein. With
GIS we can also apply it in city planning, mapping of natural resources
are scattered throughout the area in the world that has never touched
by human hands with all its limitations.
Assessing the usefulness of mathematics in Forms InformationAccording
to Wikipedia, said the information comes from the old French word,
informacion (in 1387) were taken from the Latin, meaning informationem
"outlines, concepts, ideas". Information is the noun of informare meaningful activity in the "knowledge communicated".Information
is the message (words or expressions) or group of messages consisting
of order sequences of symbols, or meanings that can be construed from
the message or group of messages. Information can be recorded or transmitted. It can be noted as signs, or as a signal based on the wave.Information is data that has been processed into a form that has meaning for the recipient and may be a fact, a useful value. So there is a process of transforming data into an information == input - process - output.Data is the raw material for an update. Differences information and data is relatively dependent on the value of use for management that need. An information for certain management level could be the management of data for the above level, or vice versa.The quality of information depends on three things, namely that information must be:a. Accurate, means that information should be free from mistakes and not biased or misleading. Accurate also means that information must clearly reflect masudnya.b. Just in time, means that information that came at the recipient should not be too late.c. Relevant, means that information should be entitled to the benefits of the wearer. Relevance information for each person different from one another.While the method of collecting data / information is:
1. Direct observation2. Interview3. Estimated correspondent4. A list of questions
One
of the classical communication theory that greatly influenced theories
further communication is information theory or mathematical theory. This
theory is a form of elaboration of the work of Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver (1949, Weaver. 1949 b), Mathematical Theory of
Communication. This theory see communication as a phenomenon of mechanistic, mathematical, and informative. Communication as transmission of a message and how to use the transmitter channels and communication media. This
is one clear example of the school of the process which saw the code as
a means to construct a message and translate (encoding and decoding). Point of concern lies in the accuracy and efficiency of the process. The process in question is a private communication that is how it affects the behavior or state of mind of another person. If the effects are not in accordance with what is expected, then these schools tend to talk about the failure of communication. He saw all the stages of the communication is to know where your failures. In addition, the school also tend to use the process of the social
sciences, especially psychology and sociology, and tends to concentrate
itself in the act of communication.Information
theory (English: information theory) is the discipline in the field of
applied mathematics that deals with quantization data so that the data
or information that can be stored and shipped without errors (error)
through a communication channel. Entropy
information (information entropy) is often used as a tool for this
purpose, and is usually expressed as the average number of bits needed
for storage and delivery of such information. For example, if the daily weather conditions expressed by 3 bits of
entropy, then we say that the weather was having an average of 3 bit
each day.Application
of the basic topics in the theory of information include data
compression without disabilities (lossless Data compression, the ZIP
file, for example), data compression (lossy of data compression, MP3
file, for example), and channel coding (channel coding, on DSL, ADSL,
etc. ). Usually
the theory of information is the pivot of the fields of mathematics,
statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical
engineering and computer. Implementation of this theory has a direct impact with space missions,
the understanding of black holes in galaxies, with research linguistics
and human perception, with a network of computers, the Internet and
mobile phone networks.In
particular, information theory is a branch of mathematical odds and
statistics, relating to the concept of information and information
entropy as described above. Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) is known as "the father of information theory". Shannon entropy defines the measurement of information (in bits) as:H = - \ sum_ {i} p_ {i} \ log_2 p_ {i} \,This
formula when applied to a source of information, can determine the
capacity of the channel is required to send data to translate into
binary digits.
Analysis of Parties Requiring Math
Mathematics is a science that is not separated from life. Because almost every daily activity, whether conscious or not, we certainly use Math. Therefore, Mathematics became one of the most important lessons that must be mastered by every person who wants to achieve success in life. In the air-math skills required to be able to solve the problem correctly, once we have the freedom to respond in various ways as long as the answer is correct and in the right way. However, if the wrong way or wrong way to write the numbers only the end result is also wrong. Here we are asked to be honest in solving the existing problems in the right way and meticulous.
mathematics also contain values (value) is very useful for the formation of attitudes and personality are complete (intact). Establishment
of discipline, conscientious attitude, a critical attitude, patience,
caution and so forth, can be developed through mathematics. In the future, this kind of attitude is increasingly necessary given
the increasing number of issues surrounding the human, and the
increasing number of people affected by these problems.Here are ten job, where mathematics is needed in that field, including:I. AnimatorAnimator is an art worker whose work makes moving images (animation). An animator can work in various fields such as in film, television, video games, the internet also.An animator must have sufficient understanding of the several fields of applied mathematics. This makes it possible to discover something unknown from a set of
simple equations, and work out aspects of geometry when dealing with
objects that move and change.For example, an animator uses linear algebra to show how an object is rotated and moved, raised and turned down, and so forth. Mathematical knowledge is needed: algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and geometry.II. ArchitectArchitect
is someone who designed the building, and so on, so that the building
of it could be functional, safe, and economical. Arsiteklah the drawing draft, all the parts of the building, including setting up the pipes and the electrical grid system. They also choose the material of the buildings.Mathematics
is used by architects to express an idea in the design of the print
image that can be used by construction workers to make it happen in the
form of a real building. Mathematics is required by architects to analyze and calculate the
structural problems in order to design a solution that ensures that
strukstur will remain standing and stable.Without
mathematics impossible picture of the design created by architects want
it to be represented in the form of printed picture like that. Mathematics needed include algebra, trigonometry, calculus, statistics and probability, as well as a linear program.
III. AstronautsHere
is an excerpt statement a NASA astronaut Robert L. Stewart, "It should
be evident that each step in my career has rested on a firm foundation
in mathematics. For me, the study of mathematics was the key that opened the doors to the universe ".Astronaut is someone who is trained in a space flight program (spaceflight program) to be the crew of the space shuttle. The crew was tasked to manage and run the air, including airport crew to another.When
astronauts fly into space to perform the mission, it is possible
because of mathematical calculations are precise and accurate. Starting with the calculation of how to best be able to leave the
Earth's atmosphere, to how astronauts controlling the aircraft.The
best designers also use math to calculate the distance, speed,
strength, including the calculation for the safety of the astronauts
themselves when making a 'pharynx' plane. Mathematics required by astronauts including algebra, trigonometry, calculus, differential equations and linear algebra.IIII. Forensic AnalystA forensic analysts use scientific techniques to investigate a criminal case. They used to use a fingerprint which are analyzed using computer assistance. They also analyze other objects such as blood, the sound, as well as analysis of genetic fingerprints. That it is chemically, they are also used to analyze toxins, drugs, and so on.A forensic analyst to analyze the pattern of blood in order to tell the story or chronological crime. Be disclosed, that turned out to be the location where the blood was
found, and forms the structure of the blood on the landing at the scene,
they can reveal the direction into which the blood moves and how much
force it takes to injure the victim.The
forensic analyst uses mathematical example to find out the location of
the victim when blood is shed, and even the types of weapons or effects
that can injure the victim. Sometimes the blood of a weapon (the evidence) can also be used to express a victim mentality. Mathematics needed include algebra, trigonometry, geometry, kalkkulus, and statistics.IIIII. Market Research AnalystAn analyst with market research work to gather information what people think about a product. They help companies to determine what type of products and how diiginkan by the market, and price range desired. They also assist in the marketing of these products.Market research analysts use math in every job. For example those described in the following activities:a. Analyze statistical data to forecast product sales long product sales in the futureb. Competitors gather data, analyze prices, sales, distribution and marketing methods as wellc. Thinking of methods and data collection proceduresd. Evaluate the product and make recommendations to the company and the client so that decisions can be made for better results.Quantitative calculation capabilities urgently needed by a market research analyst. Therefore,
the ability in the fields of mathematics, statistics, sampling theory,
survey design, and computer science will be very helpful. Mathematics need to be mastered including algebra, geometry, calculus, econometrics, and statistics.IIIIII. BiologistBiologists are scientists who study the intricacies of living beings
and to investigate its relationship with the surrounding environment.Biologists use mathematics, for example when they make the plot a graph for a case. To
help understand the various equations, run the tests "trial and errors"
him while doing a research on a sample to develop an algorithm. Biologists also use various software which is the basis of mathematical operations. Mathematics required by biologists include algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics.
IIIIIII. EconomyEconomists are people who study society activities in distributing a
variety of resources such as land, labor, raw materials, machinery and
various equipment to produce goods and services.The economists can do research, collect and analyze data, monitor economic trends, and develop forecasts. They conduct research in various fields such as energy costs,
inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, taxes, unemployment, and so
on.activities usual mathematical economists can be seen among others in the following activities:a. Using mathematical models to better understand issues such as the
nature and length of the business cycle, the impact of inflation, or the
effect of the fuel price hike on poverty and unemploymentb. Develop methods and data collection proceduresc. Applying knowledge to provide input to governments or businesses and organizationsIIIIIIII. GeologistsGeologists (geologist) is a scientist who studies about the solid and
liquid material that formed the earth and the outer portion of the
planet.Mathematics became one of the sciences that are indispensable in the study of geology. Mathematical
geology can be an important aid in formulating models and scientific
theories to examine the different geological phenomena. Mathematics needed geologists include algebra, geometry, trigonometry,
calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, and statistics.IIIIIIIII. Computer ScientistsComputer scientists can a computer theorist, researcher or inventor. They use theory or discovery to solve complex problems by creating or implementing new technologies.Areas of computer science includes theories of complex hardware design to programming language design. Some researchers in the field of computer science to work on several
projects such as the development and advance the use of virtual reality,
extending human-computer interaction, to design the robot.Computer
scientists use mathematical algorithms cover a wide range of topics of
theoretical material (series of steps to understand someone or something
in order to complete the task in a specific sequence of steps), and the
calculation of the computing system implementations in software and
hardware. Mathematics required by a computer scientist include algebra,
trigonometry, calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, analytic
theory, abstract algebra, graph theory, numerical methods, and
combinatorics.IIIIIIIIII. MathematiciansMathematics is the oldest and fundamental science. Mathematicians
conduct studies and research in fields such as logic, set theory,
abstract algebra, number theory, game theory, statistics, and so on. The mathematician is clearly a man who daily wrestle around mathematics.Mathematicians
use mathematical theory, computational techniques, algorithms, and the
latest computer technology to solve various problems in the fields of
economics, science, engineering, and business issues. There
are two types of mathematicians, namely those who work in theoretical
mathematics and those who work in applied mathematics. Mathematics
needed include algebra, trigonometry, calculus, linear algebra,
differential equations, real analysis, abstract algebra, and complex
analysis.
Information is data that has been processed into a form that has meaning for the recipient and may be a fact, a useful value.
Information theory or mathematical theory is one of the classical communication theory that greatly affects communication theories further.
Information theory is a scientific discipline in the field of applied mathematics that deals with quantization data so that the data or information that can be stored and shipped without errors (error) through a communication channel.
information theory is a branch of mathematical odds and statistics, relating to the concept of information and information entropy.
Mathematics is required by the parties in the ten areas of work, namely; animators, architects, astronauts, forensic analysts, market research analyst, biologist, economists, geologists, computer scientists, mathematicians.
X . IIII
the mathematical concept of space and time in the design electronic Robo
the capability must be present:
Mastering the concepts of control systems, computer programming, data
processing or information, and data communication networks use math.Mastering the concept of the use of renewable energy as an alternative
energy source of the future and be able to design and realize energy
management to support green technologies in industry and business
environmentAbility to design, implement, maintain, optimization, innovation,
identify problems, and develop the local computer network (LAN) for SOHOAbility to design, implement, identify problems and develop intelligent control systems and roboBeing able to use industrial instruments, measurement and diagnostic
tools for the planning, development, implementation, maintenance,
optimization, and innovation in automated industrial control systems and
roboMastering the basics of engineering, analog and digital electronics as
a basic concept of capacity building in the field of engineering and
Electrical EngineeringMastering the basic algorithms and programming language widely used in industry and businessBeing able to retrieve and analyze data, model, and simulate the
problems in the field of Electrical Engineering to provide alternative
solutions to these problems (Technical Skills)Capable of managing human resources, funds, facilities, and time in a
project in electrical engineering from the preparation, planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation as well as making clear
documentation (Managerial Skills)Capable
of managing human resources, funds, facilities, and time in a project
in electrical engineering from the preparation, planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation as well as making clear
documentation (Managerial Skills) .
X . IIIII
Mathematical relationships with Biology
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium foundation
Mendelian populations that are large so allow random mating (panmiksia) among individual members. That
is, each individual has the same opportunities to meet with other
individuals, either with the same or different genotype him. With a system of random mating, the frequency of allele will always be constant from generation to generation. This principle was formulated by G.H. Hardy, a mathematician from the UK, and W.Weinberg, doctors from Germany ,. so it became known as the foundation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In
addition to random mating, there are other requirements that must be
met for the operation of the foundation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
that does not happen migration, mutation and selection. With other perkatan, the occurrence of these events as well as
non-random mating system will result in the addition of allele
frequencies.
Deduction
on the foundations of the balance of Hardy-Weinberg includes three
steps, namely (1) from the elders to the gametes produced, (2) of the
merger of gametes to the genotype of the zygote is formed, and (3) of
the genotype of the zygote to the frequency of alleles in generation descent. Fekuensi allele A = p2 + ½ (2PQ) = p2 + pq = p (p + q) = p. The frequency of allele a = q2 + ½ (2PQ) = q2 + pq = q (p + q) = q. Thus, it can be seen that the frequency of alleles in offspring
generation together with an allele frequency in the generation of
elders.Applications Hardy-Weinberg foundation for the calculation of the frequency of allelicOne example allelic often stated is allele regulator of blood group ABO system in humans. As we have discussed in Chapter II, the system is governed by three alleles IA, IB, and I0. If
the frequency of this allele third respectively p, q, and r, then the
distribution of genotype frequency = (p + q + r) 2 = p2 + 2PQ + 2pr + q2
+ 2QR + q2. The frequency of blood type A is the sum of genotype frequencies and IA IA IA I0, namely p2 + 2pr. Similarly, the frequency of blood type B, AB, and O in a population can be sought from the frequency distribution. In contrast, data from the frequency of blood type (phenotype) can be calculated magnitude of allele frequencies.
Migration
In the mathematical relationship between changes in allele frequency
and rate of migration can be seen in the following equation:
pn - P = (po - P) (1 - m) n
pn = allele frequency in the population was observed after n generations of migrationP = the frequency of alleles in a population of migrantpo = the frequency of alleles in a population of early (before the migration)m = the rate of migrationn = number of generations
MutationThe
mathematical relationship between mutation rate and the change in
allele frequency can be formulated as in the following example. For example, in a population are alleles A and a, each with initial frequency po and qo. Mutations runs from A to A by the mutation rate of u. In contrast, the rate of mutation allele A into A is v. Thus, the A allele frequency changes due to mutations is Δp = vqo -
upo, while the allele frequency changes are a result of mutations Δq =
upo - vqo.When
achieved a balance between the two directions of the mutation and Δq Δp
value is 0. Therefore, vqo = upo, or general VQ = up. If this equation is documented, it will get p = v / (u + v) and q = u / (u + v).
