Glimpse of artificial intelligence and usefulness and inferential system robo

                                    Glimpse of artificial intelligence and usefulness

                                    

 

Artificial Inteligents (AI), which determine and model the processes of human thinking and design of machines that can mimic the human behavior.
· Example AI program period 1956-1966:
o Logic Theorist, for proving mathematical theorems
o Sad Sam (Robert K.Lindsay, 1960), a program that can find a simple sentence in English and answer the facts heard in a conversation.
o ELIZA (Joseph Weizenbaum, 1967), a program for the treatment of patients by providing answers. 


Definition of Artificial Intelligence 
Artificial Intelligence is someone who is good at implementing its knowledge. On this basis, it can be concluded that even if a person has a lot of knowledge, but if he could not implement in practice, it can not be classified into intelligence. In other words, intelligence is the human ability to acquire knowledge and intelligence to implement in practice. This means the ability to think and reason.Artificial Intelligence is a sub-field of computer science that is specifically intended to create software and hardware that can fully mimic some functions of the human brain. At a certain extent artificial intelligence allow the computer to receive knowledge through human input and use knowledge through simulating human thinking process of reasoning and thus are expected to computers can help humans in solving various problems more complicated.Another definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) or artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that studies the automation of intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence should be based on the principles - principles of theoretical and applied research concerning the structure of the data used in the representation of knowledge (Knowledge Representation), the algorithm required in the application of knowledge, and techniques - techniques and programming languages ​​used in its implementation. Standard computer program can only solve problems that have been programmed specifically. If a standard program needs to be modified to conform with the new information, the entire program must be viewed one by one until we get the optimal space to insert such changes or modifications. This way is not only a waste of time but can also affect certain parts of the program that caused the error. In contrast, artificial intelligence could allow the computer to 'think'. By simplifying the program, artificial intelligence to mimic the human learning process so that new information can be absorbed and used as a reference in the future. Some of the issues handled by Artificial Intelligence, among others, is a game (game), proving theorems, solving the problem of public perception (vision and conversation), understanding of natural language, solving the problems of experts (mathematics symbolic, medical diagnostics, design engineering, chemical analysis) ,  


two major parts required for the application of artificial intelligence:
    a. knowledge base (knowledge base): contains facts, theories, ideas and relationships between each other.
     b. Motorcycle inference (inference engine): the ability to draw conclusions based on knowledge  


The field of Artificial Intelligence Fields that utilize artificial Intellegence very broad, including:I. Expert System (Expert System) Using artificial intelligence techniques commonly undertaken to create an expert system software, which is a program that acts as an advisor or consultant smart. By taking knowledge that is stored in a particular domain, an inexperienced user can even solve a complex problem and can take the right decisions and accurate as that of an expert.II. The Natural Language Processing (Natural Language Processing) natural language processing is a field of artificial intelligence who learn the human language. For that computers are made to understand human language, so the computer can respond to input from humans with answers in accordance with good language structure. 
III. Computer Vision Computer vision is another application in artificial intelligence. Computer vision is a tool of analysis and evaluation of visual information using a computer. Artificial intelligence technique allows computers to test an image or a real scene by identifying the objects, characteristics or the patterns.IIII. Robotics (Robotics) Robotics is a field of engineering that is devoted to the field of duplication of human physical capability, which is a natural complement in the field of artificial intelligence that is trying to simulate human mental abilities. Robot is a machine or a manipulator capable of performing the physical function of man is limited.  


Expert system An expert system (Expert System) is the field of artificial intelligence the most extensive application among other fields. Expert systems are designed with the input of knowledge someone in this case an expert in the knowledge base, allowing the computer to be able to think and make decisions in the form of conclusions, based on a set of rules that exist. With expert knowledge transfer into the computer, it will be very likely that a user can communicate interactively with a computer in solving a problem as if it were dealing with an expert. 
Expert systems can simply be seen as an attempt to save the knowledge of an expert in a particular field into the computer so that the computer can perform reasoning and provide intelligent decisions. An expert system is a computer software that has a knowledge base for a particular domain and using inference reasoning resembles an expert in solving problems. The expert system is actually likely to be a specialization that focuses on a number of issues with narrow scope. Expert systems are practical programs that use heuristic strategies developed by humans to solve specific problems. The basic concept of expert system consists of several things: the expertise, transfer of expertise, reasons, rules, and the ability to explain.Expertise is the specialized knowledge required. The expertise gained from training, reading and experience. Here are some examples of knowledge skills or expertise: 
I. The facts on the scope of the specific issues. 
II. Theories on the scope of the specific issues. 
III. The rules and procedures with regard to the scope of the specific issues.
 IIII. global strategies to resolve existing problems
.IIIII. Meta-knowledge (knowledge about knowledge). The transfer of expertise from experts or specialists into the computer and then transferred again to other people who are not expert or experts, the main purpose of the expert system.This process requires four activities, namely: additional knowledge (from experts or from other sources), representation of knowledge (to the computer), inference of knowledge, and the transfer of knowledge to the user. Knowledge is saved to the computer is called the knowledge base, the facts and procedures that are usually in the form of rules.Characteristics of an expert must have the ability: 
I. Identify and formulate problems. 
II. Solve problems were relatively precise and fast.III. Able to explain the results obtained
 IIII. Learning from experience. 
IIIII. Restructuring of knowledge. 
IIIIII. Sort out the rules. 
IIIIIII. Determine relevance.One of the capabilities of expert systems is to give a reason. The reasons are owned by the experts will be stored into the knowledge base and an expert system has the attributes as follows:
 I. The existence of a knowledge base which is usually represented in the form of declarative easy to read and modified. Most expert systems using IF-THEN structure, especially the rule-based expert system. 
II. There is a clear structure to represent knowledge so easily in the testing and maintenance. 
III. There is a clear distinction between the knowledge representation and inference mechanism of control mechanism. 
IIII. The presence of the interface (interface) to the user to request data parameters, provide advice and lighting.
 IIIII. The existence of knowledge acquisition and modification of knowledge for experts.  


Artificial Intelligence Impact on Human Life
 Artificial intelligence was something created by humans, to replace humans. So it could be an artificial intelligence that is a threat. Although aware that artificial intelligence could be a threat to humans, but humans still develop what is called artificial intelligence. Humans still trying to develop / acquire something (technology) new, that can think like humans. This happens because of their dissatisfaction in men, the man wanted to get something with an easier way. Moreover, limitations do exist in humans, such as the human brain is only capable of thinking with a frequency of about 100 Hz and because humans have a sense of fatigue. Compare with computers now able to process the data with a frequency of 4 GHz. Computers also have no tiredness even if have to process the same data repeatedly.Currently, there are a lot of artificial intelligence technology produced and used by humans. For example, the robot Asimo that can dance and walk, or on a computer game designed to make people think hard to beat. Another example is in the automotive industry. The existence of computer technology that can process data quickly or tools used to warn the driver of the car to avoid collisions.Various kinds of technology that uses artificial intelligence has also been enhanced to develop automated vehicles are in use can function without human assistance. Examples of functions of the automatic vehicle is to the skies outside, such as exploring planets. This vehicle may be made of a series of hardware components and an artificial intelligence program that can process information. The combination of the computer software and hardware can also create a vehicle that could be used on Earth.The progress of artificial intelligence systems can cause a psychological impact on humans. For groups opposed to their artificial intelligence believe that with artificial intelligence, there will be some impact in people's lives. Machines that have artificial intelligence can reduce the chance of millions of human labor. There is also the fear that this artificial intelligence systems, including robots, reducing us as human beings. The basic system of artificial intelligence has also increased fears that the machines can increase the amount of damage.Supporters of artificial intelligence has stated argument that the replies of the field of artificial intelligence tool is just a tool that will not replace human functions. Artificial intelligence will not diminish our humanity, it will improve our lives, for example, is a cancer patient would benefit, and the introduction of the sentence and the system blend can help an individual to control his environment.Is artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence) to double the human brain? Artificial Intelligence (artificial intelligent) is the use of computers, which mimics the human brain or a two-timing function. Artificial intelligence system is not expected to replace humans as a decision maker, but otherwise replicating grained, with a clear state.  



Some AI Program (1956 - 1966)I. Logic Theorist, introduced at Dartmouth Conference, could prove mathematical theorems • Sad Sam (Robert K Lindsay - 1960), can know simple sentence written in English and able to provide answers based on the facts heard in a conversation II. Eliza programmed Joseph Weizenbaum (1967), is able to provide therapy to patients with some questions. One of the earliest expert system developed. It is a computer program created by Joseph Weizen baum at MIT. Users communicate with as being consulted with a therapist.III. Parry is the Expert System is also the earliest developed at Stanford University.oleh psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, which simulates a paranoid. Here is an example of a response to a question Parry for interview a psychiatrist. simulate a patient, and call this program PARRY, because he can simulated a Patient paranoid. They chose a paranoid as the subject for some theory is that the processes and systems at existing paranoia, psychotic response differences and normal response is great enough, and they can use the assessment of an expert to check the accuracy of separation between the response capability of computer simulations and human response.IIII. Nettalk is a program based on the networks of neurons, developed by Terry Sejnowski: neural networks contain hidden layer corresponding to inter neurons.Similarities and Differences between Expert Systems with Artificial Intelligence Expert System is also part of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) or artificial intelligence, where the location of the equation is equally to achieve maximum results in solving the problem, and the difference is an expert system refers to the manufacturer or an expert in a field or a reference to the the designer itself as an object in setting up a system to get the maximum results, while AI refers to the path or pace-oriented hardware in order to achieve the maximum.It can be concluded Expert System is part of AI, which in addition to the use of AI expert system, there are several others : games, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and robotics.Artificial intelligence is one of the topics that fans like science- fiction, the film Terminator depicted a war of man against machine, even in a novel titled With Folded Hands bouquet Jack Williamson, described the nation Humanoids (engine robots a human creation) colonize the human race and replace all the role humans.  


Expert system 
I. Definition of Expert Systems
            An expert system is one of the areas of artificial intelligence techniques of considerable interest because of its application in various fields of both science and business that proved very helpful in making decisions and very broad applicability. An expert system is a computer system that is designed to be able to do reasoning like an expert in a particular field of expertise.  
II. Feature - traits Expert System· Limited to specific domain expertise.· Can provide reasoning for the data is the data that is uncertain.· Can mengemukan series of reasons given in a way that can be understood.· Based on the rules / RRULE particular.· Designed to be developed gradually.· an output is directed. 
 III. Module Compiler Expert System According Staugaard (1987) an expert system composed by three main modules, namely:I) Receipt Module Knowledge (Knowledge Acquisition Mode) System is in this module, at the time he received the knowledge of experts. The process of gathering knowledge-knowledge that will be used for the development of the system, carried out with the help of the knowledge engineer. Knowledge engineer role is as a link between an expert system expert.II) Module Consultation (Consultation Mode)At the moment the system is in a position to provide answers to the problems posed by the user, the expert system modules are in consultation. In this module, the user interacts with the system by answering the questions posed by the system.III) Explanation Module (Explanation Mode)This module explains the process of decision-making by the system (how a decision can be obtained). IIII. Structure of Expert SystemThe main components in the structure of the expert system by Hu et al (1987) include:· Knowledge Base (Knowledge Base)The knowledge base is at the core of an expert system, namely in the form of expert knowledge representation. The knowledge base consists of facts and rules. The fact is the information about objects, events, or circumstances. The rule is a way to generate a new fact of facts already known.· Inference Engine (Inference Engine)Inference engine acts as the brain of an expert system. Inference engine serves to guide the process of reasoning to a condition, based on the available knowledge base. In the process occurs inference engine to manipulate and redirect rules, models, and the fact that is stored in the knowledge base in order to achieve a solution or conclusion. In the process, the inference engine uses reasoning strategies and control strategies. Reasoning strategy consists of reasoning strategies for sure (Exact Reasoning) and the uncertain reasoning strategies (inexact Reasoning). Exact reasoning would do if all the data needed to draw a conclusion available, while inexact reasoning carried on state control opponent . Strategy serves as a directional guide in doing prose reasoning. There are three techniques commonly used controls, ie forward chaining, backward chaining, and the combination of both these control techniques. 


Database (Data Base)The database consists of all the necessary facts, which facts are used to meet the conditions of the rules in the system. The database stores all the facts, whether the facts early on when the system starts operating, as well as facts obtained during the process of drawing conclusions being implemented. The database is used to store data observation and other data needed for processing. 
 IIIII. The purpose of the development of expert system 
I) Facilitate the work of experts 
II) Changing the experts
 III) Combining the ability of experts 
IIII) Training expertsIIIII) Reducing the risk of a dangerous job
IIIIII) Provide expert in the field of work "dry". 
 
IIIIII. Categories of expert systemI) Interpretation - analyzing the data to explain the data.Example: DENDRALII) Diagnosis - process of diagnosing something (disease detection for living things) based on the data.Example: MYCINIII) Monitoring - constantly interpret cues (signal) and act if intervention is required.VM instance - monitoring the patient using a typical breathing apparatus. (Common-sense).IIII) Forecast - making future predictions based on the model off before or than it isExample: the system in forecasting stockIIIII) Design (planning) - a program of actions taken to reach a decisionExample: in the design of molecular geneticsIIIIII) Reka form - earnings specifications to build objects that meet specific purposes.Example: reka bentuk digital circuit.
IIIIIII . Relations with the artificial intelligence expert systems
            An expert system was developed in the mid 1960s by Artificial Intelligence Corporation. Period of artificial intelligence research is dominated by a belief that reason is combined with advanced computer will generate the achievement of experts or even superhuman. An attempt in this direction is the General Purpose Problem- Solver (GPS). GPS in the form of a procedure developed by Allen Newel, John Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Alexander Simon of Logic Theorist is an attempt to create intelligent machines. GPS itself is a precedessor towards Expert Systems (ES) or what we now call the Expert System. GPS attempted to codify the steps needed to transform the initial situation into a state predetermined destination.
                        Basically, the expert system is a branch of artificial intelligence, namely with saving expertise of human experts into the computer and save the knowledge in the computer that allows the user to consult with experts like humans. In the artificial intelligence there are two main parts needed: Yag Knowledge base and Inference Engine. The major scope in artificial intelligence one of them is an expert system. In the expert system alone there are three main parts, namely Knowledge base and Working Memory treated in the Inference Engine to produce a solution to a problem.

IIIIIIII . Implementation Expert systems· Implementation  expert systems in the field of robotics
            In the field of robotics application of expert systems is very clear. As we know so far, the robot  object that can work automatically. Good work by the program that has been entered or accept input in the form of sensors (motion, light, temperature, etc.) .One example of that is very familiar to our ears is it has created a robot Asimo by Honda automotive company labeled. Robot created this company a form of implementation of the expert system. One of the goals of this project is to build a robot that in the future can help people in their daily tasks. Asimo was designed with a very sophisticated resemble human behavior.
            Asimo the latter was created to help the human task in some form. Asimo can make drinks. Asimo can also charge the battery yourself, Asimo will charge him if the battery is getting weak. Asimo others will continue his duties interchangeably.The latest ASIMO also has been programmed to process manners. At the time passed by humans on the narrow road, Asimo will let humans walk first. More advanced technology from Asimo Asimo was able to walk on a sloping field and self balancing . until whilst carrying an item on an incline Asimo can keep his balance to keep from falling.The nation's children is a bomb disposal robot used by police. But this robot works based on input from the remote control. Another form is the machines in the factory. In electronic goods such as washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators and so on. On average electronics make use of fuzzy logic in the mechanism of action.In the examples Impementation around us. We can conclude that there are some disadvantages and advantages and expert system in this field.Advantages include:a. The human task is getting lighter.b. Life-threatening tasks can be minimized by utilizing a robot.c. Time efficiency.d. Helping households.e. Advances in technology will make the young generation to try to create robots that are smarter again.The disadvantages include:a. Humans will increasingly lazy, with a fully automated era.b. HR reduction if factories using fully automated machine.c. If you can not take the positives from this robot technology will make the life of dependency. 

 application of DC servo motors at a glance  

A. Introduction Control System
      
         Position adjustment system (servo mechanic) widely applied in various fields such as weapons systems, aircraft, satellites, etc. industries. In the position control system required high accuracy and response time was good, while the control system optimally be expected to meet the index function desired performance.
         Automatic control has played an important role in modern science and engineering. In addition to special interests such as space-vehicle systems, missile-guidance systems, robotic systems, automatic control has become an important integral part in modern manufacturing and process industries. For example, the automatic control is essential in a numerical control machines precision in the manufacturing industry, the auto pilot system design in the aviation industry, automobile design in the automotive industry. It can also be applied to operation operation industries such as controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity, flow in the process industry.Some terms are used:• Controlled Variable: the quantity or condition that is measured and controlled• Manipulated Variable: the quantity or condition varied by the controller so that affects the controlled variable. Usually the controlled variable is the output of the system. The control can mean the controlled variable measure of the system and apply the manipulated variable in the system to correct and limit price deviation measured (output) from the desired price.• Plant: The object to be controlled• Process: Operation and continuous development which is characterized by a gradual change of variables in a certain way so as to arrive at a certain outcome or circumstance.• System: The combination of the various components that act together and produce a certain performance.• Disturbance: Signal affecting the system that affect the price of the price of the desired output.I. Feedback control system (closed-loop control system)

         A feedback control system is a system that uses the relationship between output and input desired by comparing them. The result of this comparison is a deviation that is used as a control tool. Actuating error signal which is the difference between the input and feedback (can be output itself or function of output such as derivatives or integrals), will be fed into the controller. The controller will reduce errors and bring the system to the desired state (output in accordance with the desired input). So the output would affect the control action. In this control system, the presence of a disorder that causes the output to deviate from the desired input can be anticipated. The system will be restored to the state point set by the controller. 

     

Closed loop control system
kind:
a. baited control system (feedback control system)
b. inferential control system (inferential control system)
c. baited-forward control system (feed forwardcontrol system)  

    

close loop control system 

 II. Open-loop control system

         System where the output does not affect the control action. In this system does not do a comparison between the signal output and input. Performance and accuracy of control action of this system depends on the calibration system. If there is interference with the system may not be able to anticipate that needs to be re calibrated. For example, the control system is based on the time setting is open-loop control system.
      
         Below is a block diagram of a feedback control system that is widely used in industry. The automatic controller detects the signal error (deviation between the output and set point), error signal in the form of low-level power that needs to be strengthened with the amplifier. The controller processes the error signal and generates actuation signal which is a control action in response to the error earlier. Moving the actuator and control action applied to the plant so that the resulting output. The sensor element will see or measure the output and convert them to variables that correspond to the reference input. Both of these variables are compared and generates an error signal. This iteration will continue until the conditions got that error to a minimum. Or in other words, the output is in conformity with the desired reference input.

   

open loop control system

 III . The advantages and weaknesses;

Open-loop control system
· Control action is independent of the output of the system.
· Unable to provide compensation / correction if there is an interruption (see figure 3).
Example: washing machine, oven, air conditioning, etc.
· The accuracy of the results depends on the calibration.
· Simple and inexpensive.
The control system close loop
· Control action depends on the output of the system (via feedback).
· Addressing weaknesses of open loop system because it can provide correction when there is an interruption
· There may be "over-correction", so that the system became unstable
· Complex and expensive, because more components
Example: setting the speed of the motor, cooling-heating

IIIII . Servo Motor  

    

  Motor Servo

Servo motor is a motor with a closed feedback system in which the position of the motor will be communicated back to the control circuit in the servo motor. This motor consists of a DC motor, a set of gear, potentiometer and control circuit. Potentiometer serves to define the limits of the angle of rotation servo. While the angle of the axis servo motors regulated by pulse width signal sent through the legs of the motor cable.   

     

Diagram Motor Servo  

Because the DC servo motor is a tool to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, then the permanent magnet DC servo motor was the one that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of two magnetic fields. One field is generated by a permanent magnet and the one generated by current flowing in the motor coil. Resultant of two magnetic fields produces a torque that generates the motor rotation. When the motor rotates, the current in the motor coil generates a constant torque value.
           Generally there are two types of servo motors. That standard servo motors and servo motors Countinous. Servo motors standard type is only capable of rotating 180 degrees. Standard servo motor is often used in robotics systems, for example for making "Robot Arm" (Robot Arm). whereas continuous servo motors can be rotated by 360 degrees. Continuous servo motor is often used for mobile robots. In the body type servo servo writing is concerned.
           Servo motor is a small dc motor by gear systems and potentio meters so that he can put the "horn" servo in the desired position. Because of this motor using a close loop system so that the position of "horn" who desired could be maintained. "Horn" on servo there are two types. Namely Horn "X" and Horn are round . 

 
Examples Control System
Here are some examples of the control system.  

I.  Automobile Steering Control System

II.  Temperature Control System