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1. Circuit Analyzer electron IC networking ===========================================

Basic Brain Loud Thinking =========================

1. Block Diagram : A large and Complex schematic diagram is frequently " summarized " in an accompanying block diagram . A block diagram is useful because it gives you a quick general view of the overall system . where one is provided , you can use it to identify the circuit because the blocks names it . 2. schematic analysis : schematic analysis consists in separating the overall electronic network component picture into its parts, so as to determine their nature , function and relationship . it is a process like anatomy will tell you about the " organs " found in schematics " bodies ." These " organs " are individual circuits. taken separately , you will find each is easy to understand and recognize . 3. Active and Passive elements : Circuit elements are either active or passive . Passive elements are those which do not require an external source of power in order to function . Active elements that use external power , which they introduce into the circuit to modify an existing signal or to generate a new one . 4. External Power : When in active elements is included in a circuit the external power is generally shown as entering and leaving in a vertical direction , perpendicular to the signal flow . 5. Circuit Identification : The majority of circuit consists of a small number of passive element build around an active element. 6. Circuit Analyzer : identification circuit and compare to confirm our identification 7. Circuit Locator : to check and drawing parts to circuit at good position and location .

circuit Analyzer coding picture =============================== 8. Visual Inspection and Comfirm Complaint to be check performance its means for good operating conditions in signal value tracing . 9. Waveform analysis and parts substitutes automatic checks.

II . MICRO COMPUTER ___________________ A. Characteristics of the Microcomputer : type of micro computer is a cabinet containing electronic circuits which perform the functions of the personal computer constructed on printed circuit boards . in the world of technology , chips are called " micro computers ' . micro computers are the offspring of the development of LSI chips for use in electronic calculators. The function and composition of a microcomputer : 1. Storage Program 2. Consecutive control in other words , the basic function of a computer are the storage in its memory of the commands which go to make up the program and a command cycle where the commands are conseccutively fetched and executed . the materials that are processed bu this series of operations are data . The term microcomputer is used to describe a digital processing system that includes a minimum of a microprocessor, program memory, data memory, and input-output (I/O). Some microcomputer systems include additional components such as timers, counters, analog-to-digital converters, and so on. Thus, a microcomputer system can be anything from a large computer having hard disks, optical disks, SSD drives, printers, and plotters to a single chip embedded controller. we are going to consider only the type of microcomputers that consists of a single silicon chip. Such microcomputer systems are also called microcontrollers and they are used in many household goods such as microwave ovens, TV remote control units, cookers, hi-fi equipment, CD players, personal computers, fridges, games consoles, etc. There are a large variety of microcontrollers available in the market place, ranging from 8-bits to 32-bits or even 64-bits. In this book we shall be looking at the programming and system design using a member of the 32-bit STM32 family of microcontrollers, manufactured by the STMicroelectronics. As we shall be seeing in the next chapter, STM32 family is based on the highly popular ARM processor architecture. In this chapter we shall be looking at the features of the microcontroller systems and describe their basic building blocks. As large-scale integration and then very-large-scale integration progressively increased the number of transistors that could be placed on one semiconductor chip, so the processing capacity of microcomputers using such single chips grew commensurately. During the 1980s microcomputers came to be used widely in other applications besides electronic game systems and other relatively simple computer-based recreations. Increasingly powerful microcomputers began to be used in personal computer systems and workstations, for instance. High-performance microcomputer systems began to be used widely in business, in engineering, in “smart” or intelligent machines employed in the factory and office, and in military electronics systems. Computer network ; is a series of computers connected to each other, whether by cables or wirelessly, that allow for effective communication. These computing devices include laptops, desktops, mobile phones, and even the ever-expanding array of IoT devices, such as cameras, refrigerators, and printers. The main purpose of a computer network is to share information through interconnected nodes that can transmit, receive and exchange data, voice and video traffic, over the internet. How does a computer network operate? For a computer network to operate, there need to be switches, routers, and access points. Switches connect and help internally secure computers and other devices to networks in homes or offices using cables. Access points, on the other hand, are switches that connect devices to networks wirelessly or without the use of cables. Routers connect networks to other networks and act as dispatchers. They analyze data to be sent across a network, choose the best routes, and send it on its way. There are various types of computer networking options available in today’s world, but some of the most popular ones are: A computer network Especially in the digital world, you need something that lets you connect to people within or outside the organization to keep the business running. And, of course, the larger an organization, the more complex the network becomes. So, what exactly is a computer network? Here at Intelligent Technical Solutions (ITS), we believe that the more you understand your technology, the better business decisions you make. What is a Computer Network? How does a computer network operate? What are the types of computer networks? When should you implement a computer network? After reading, you should have a clear knowledge of a computer network and start planning on building or improving your existing network. What is a Computer Network? computer networks with different users A computer network (AKA a data network) is a series of computers connected to each other, whether by cables or wirelessly, that allow for effective communication. These computing devices include laptops, desktops, mobile phones, and even the ever-expanding array of IoT devices, such as cameras, refrigerators, and printers. The main purpose of a computer network is to share information through interconnected nodes that can transmit, receive and exchange data, voice and video traffic, over the internet. How does a computer network operate? For a computer network to operate, there need to be switches, routers, and access points. Switches connect and help internally secure computers and other devices to networks in homes or offices using cables. Access points, on the other hand, are switches that connect devices to networks wirelessly or without the use of cables. Routers connect networks to other networks and act as dispatchers. They analyze data to be sent across a network, choose the best routes, and send it on its way. In essence, routers connect your home and business to the world and help protect information from outside security threats. What are the types of computer networks? There are various types of computer networking options available in today’s world, but some of the most popular ones are: Types of Computer Networks PAN (Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) Below is a brief analysis of each type: 1. PAN (Personal Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) is a computer network that is primarily personal devices, such as cordless mics, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems equipped within an extremely limited area. You can use PAN to establish communication among these personal devices for connecting to a digital network and the internet. 2. LAN (Local Area Network) A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of less than 5000 interconnected computers and peripheral devices connected in a limited area such as a school, laboratory, home, or office building. Connecting your computer and printer to your home or office is a type of LAN. Since it is a private network, no outside regulatory body can control it. 3. WAN (Wide Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) is another crucial computer network spread across a large geographical area, so businesses situated at longer distances can easily communicate. A WAN network system could be a connection of LANs with other LANs using telephone lines and radio waves. This type of networking is mostly limited to an office or organization. 4. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN consists of a computer network across a city, college campus, or a small region–and is definitely larger than a LAN. Depending upon the type of configuration, this type of network allows you to cover an area in a maximum 50 km range. MAN provides excellent support for an extensive network, so it is recommended to serve an entire city. Microcomputer control circuitry contents ---------------------------------------- 1. Characteristics of the microcomputer 2. Merhods for Expressing Data 3. Basic Microcomputer Logic Circuits ( Data Processing and Sync Signal ) 4. Mictocomputer composituon and operation ( command fetching and execution ) 5. Memory ( Memory System Composition ) 6. Input / output Interfaces 7. Microcomputer examples and Tesla 8. Assembler Language and Programming . =============================================================================

I. characteristic of the microcomputer ( Electron IC ) ______________________________________________________ 1. To clearly understand the difference between LSI microcomputers and personal computer. 2. To study the history of the mictocomputer and understand its true value : " design flexibility " . 3. To understand the fundamentals of the microcomputer and study the basics of microcomputer composition and operation . 4. To look at familiar examples and compare microcomputer control with electronic circuit control in order to understand the characteristic of microcomputer control. 5. To study the basic types , characteristics, and applications of microcomputers. The function and composition of a microcomputer : (1) A computer has the following two functions which can be called its basic principles : a. Storage a program b. Consecutive control c. main unit with pure power storage. in other words , the basic functions of a command cycle where the commands are consecutively fetched and executed . the materials processed by this series of operation are data.

(2) In order to carry out these operations , computer needs the following basic hardware. the basic hardware is exactly the same for a microcomputer . A microcomputer consists of a CPU , a memory , and I/ O Ports , these are all interconnected by a sigmal line called a bus , so microcomputer must be pure power energy to on main unit control .

(3) Wired logic and Programmed logic a. The development of the microcomputer made possible the following two methods for obtaining circuit functions : a.1. Wired logic ( hardware method ) a.2. Programmed Logic ( can be hardware coding or Software coding ) method . the wired logic methods as like as combinatiional logic circuit ( disital descriptive statistic value added ) and sequentials logic circuit ( inferensial statistic logic value added ) , the digital circuit is And circuit , OR circuit , 10 logic circuit , inverters , flip flops , and other logic circuit. this exactly what conventional electronic circuits are . the programmed logic method uses the microcomputer to perform the logic functions performed by the conventional electronic circuits are . b. Looking at microcomputers on the semiconductor LSI chip level , because LSI chip is simply an integration of the hardware circuits , all of the LSI chip must be custom designed specifically for each use . LSI chip actually contains a built in computer , it is Programmable and , therefore , has design flexibility .

b. The development of the microcomputer we need the control procedure for the fulfilment of this function is called a "flowchart" .

II. Methods For Expressing Data ________________________________ Subject study to objectives until Predictive take and give location address : 1. To study the basic fundamentals of control , which are the input , processing , and output of data. 2. To learn what a digital quantity is and understand its characteristics. 3. To learn that all data handled by the computer is expressed in a binary code . Also to understand the hexadecimal notation that is used for convenience and to learn how to use it. 4. to learn that there are seven types ( 007 data locator ) of data : 1.numerical data , 2.character data and 3. logic data , 4.symbolic data ,5.differential data ,6.Tesla data , 7. random data .

Microcomputer description processing ; ______________________________________ I. Binary Code and binary numbers ; in microcomputer control , the data is handled as a digiral quantity. The word " digital " includes the meaning of " binary " , and binary means that data is being expressed a combination of two conditions , 0 and 1. the amoubt of data that can be expressed by either one of those symbols is called one bit , which is the smallest possible unit of data. the reasons why binary code is used are as follow ; 1. it resists influence from noise and fluctuation in the ambient environment . 2. The " 0 " and " 1 " of the binary code can easily be replaced with low voltage and high voltage electronic signals. 3. Numerical data can be expressed as binary number and simple electronic circuits can be used to perform various mathematical operations. II. many input / output parts such as sensors and actuators use analog operation. if these devices are connected to a microcomputer , the signals must be covered by other devices called A/D converter and D/A converter . III. on the other hand , with a microcomputer whose purpose is control , the data exchanged between the microcomputer and the electronic machine between controlled is in the form numerical data or logic data or symbolic data . the only person who knows what the data actually means is the hardware programmer and software programmer .

welcome to control explain : As humans , we detect and become aware of various information via our five senses. our minds gather this information , process it , and then act on it . in the same way , the machines we use can be considered to fulfill these same functions by detection and input of the necessary information , or data , processing it according to their purpose, and then , based on that data , output the appropriate control commands. This series of operation is what we call " control " . control system insight to sensor and actuator ; sensor is a device that detects some physical quantity such as voltage , temperature , rpm , mechanical motion , light vector motion , etc ., and converts that quantity into an electronic signal. Also an actuator is a device such as an electromagnetic valve or motor which , in accordance with a control signals , convert electric , hydraulic or pneumatic energy , into mechanical energy. A microcomputer is a control component which receives digital data input , digitally processes the data , and outputs digital data . here digital , in addition to meaning noncontinuous , also includes the meaning of binary . A " port " is a terminal for the exchange of data between the microcomputer and an external device . finally , lets review methods for expressing data . (1) inside the microcomputer , all data is expressed in a binary code. (2) Long rows of binary number data can be expressed as hexadecimal number for more efficient notation . (3) The data used in microcomputer control is usually logic data where each bit has its own independent meaning .

III. Basic Microcomputer Logic circuits _______________________________________ study objectives ; 1. to study the AND , OR , and NOT functions of the basic logic circuits of which microcomputer are composed. 2. to understand the thinking behind circuits composed of various combinations on the basic logic circuits . 3. To understand the concepts of multiplexers and three state buffers , and to study the features of the bus system . 4. To study the various flip flop circuits and the circuits in which they are used , multiplexers , encoders and decoders , three state buffers , and to understand the thinking behind data processing circuits as like as counters ,registers, shift registers ,data processing , sync signals .

IV . Microcomputer Composition and operation ____________________________________________ study objectives : 1. To gain and understanding of the relationship between hardware and software in the functioning of a microcomputer . 2. To learn the main functions af the two primary command types : those which control data processing , and those which control the flow of a program . 3. To understand the design of a microcomputer and the functions of the various components in this design . 4. to learn about fetching and execution of commands.

computers and electronic machines , a like are nothing more than assemblies and network instalation of nonfunctional or functional estimate situation , in animate parts until some person operate these to perform a specific function , its different automatic electronic machine networking . in general , the device or unit itself is called " hardware " , while the assembly of commands which is used to control and operate the hardware is called " software " .

Both large main frame computers and microcomputers perform the following tasks . (1) Program storage (2) sequential control (3) Main unit pure energy (4) fuzzy logic sensoring and transducer A/D to D/A convert fuzzy logic (5) Math Co Sync Processing and Control (6) Automation Networking to predictictive maintenance ,preventive maintenance system networking electronic machines. (7) I/O with differential and integral using good CHIPs. these commands are synchronized to a set time clock differential , fetched and interpreted one by one , and executed to process data . example a few of these commands : 1. input data from location X . 2. Output data location Y 3. Perform calculation Q on data from location of the information to be processed or where to move data , in the mathelectronic we call orde 3 in differential technical .

Differential equation ( timer electronic equation to use moving synchronization) ================================================================================ A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function y = f (x) and one or more of its derivatives . A solution to a differential equation is a function y = f (x) that satisfies the differential equation when f and its derivatives are substituted into the equation . Differential equations have three basic types — ordinary (ODE), partial (PDE), or differential-algebra (DAE), the equations can be further described based on attributes such as order, linearity, and degree. a practical example of the use of differentials is for synchronization of drive techniques both on AC and DC motors or servo motors, steppers in robotic systems or we know electronic drives where if we use many Robotic electronic motor wheel drives and move uniformly then a smooth motion calculation is needed at each robotic drive elbow or its joints, we explain as follows: Differential is part of the transmission system that distributes power to the drive wheel motor joint elbows. This is important when the elbow joints turn. Main Function of Differential: Divide power to the left and right wheel elbows: When the robot's wheel elbow movement is straight, the left and right motor wheels rotate at the same time. There are four common types of differentials: open, locked, limited slip, and torque vector. So Differential can be defined as the rate of change of a function due to changes in the independent variable of the function. Because differential equations describe the derivatives of a function, they give us information about how the function changes. Our goal is to use this information to predict future values ​​of the function; in this way, differential equations give us something like a crystal ball.

V . Memory ========== welcome om study ojectivea : 1. A knowledge of the types of memory and how they function . 2. An understanding of how data is written into the memory and how it is read out 3. A look at the construction of a memory system utilizing IC memories ( RAM 2114 , PROM 2716 ) AVAILABLE ON the market .

I. Type of memories and how they function : ________________________________________ (1) the entering of data into the memory is called to write in , and the taking of data from the memory is called to read out . The terms write-in and read-out referred to together are called access. (2) There are RAM and ROM type memories , and the RAM type can be further classified into the static type and the dynamic type. the static type is mainly used in simple microcomputer control system. For the static type , one flip flop is used for storage of each bit of data. Accordingly, it can be considered that a large number of flip flops are in the RAM. (3) ROMs can be classified into the masked ROM and the PROM; Data in the masked ROM is fixed in the memory when produced by the semiconductor manufacturer and are thus utilized as a mass produced product . The PROM is suited for small production because it can be used by the user to write in data freely . the theory involved in erasing and writing in PROM data is complex and will thus be omitted here . The following circuit is equivalent to the state of the PROM after write -in .

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